Aim Our aim was to examine gracile capuchin (Cebus) and robust capuchin monkey (Sapajus) diversification, with a focus on recent Sapajus expansion within Amazonia. We wanted to reconstruct the biogeographical history of the clade using statistical methods that model lineages' occupation of different regions over time in order to evaluate recently proposed 'Out of Amazonia' and 'Reinvasion of Amazonia' hypotheses as alternative explanations for the extensive geographical overlap between reciprocally monophyletic gracile (Cebus) and robust (Sapajus) capuchin monkeys.Location Central and South America.Methods We reconstructed a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for capuchins under Bayesian inference from three mitochondrial genes. We then categorized 12 capuchin clades across four Neotropical centres of endemism and reconstructed the biogeographical history of the capuchin radiation using six models implemented in 'BioGeoBEARS'. We performed a phylogeographical analysis for a robust capuchin clade that spans the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga and Amazonia. ResultsWe find support for a late Miocene vicariant Cebus-Sapajus divergence and a Pleistocene Sapajus invasion of Amazonia from the Atlantic Forest. Our new analyses confirm Sapajus diversified first in the Atlantic Forest, with subsequent range expansion into widespread sympatry with Cebus in Amazonia, as well as multiple expansions into drier savanna-like habitats. We do not find mitochondrial molecular congruence with morphological species distinctions for Sapajus flavius, S. cay, S. macrocephalus, S. libidinosus and S. apella; instead, these five morphological types together form a single widespread clade (Bayesian posterior probability = 1) with geographical substructure and shared ancestry during the Pleistocene.Main conclusions Our results support vicariance dividing ancestral capuchin populations in Amazonia versus the Atlantic Forest, and a Pleistocene 'Amazonian invasion' by Sapajus to explain the present-day sympatry of Cebus and Sapajus.

Vaccines based on adenovirus (Ad) vectors are currently in development against several pathogens. However, neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to human adenovirus type 5 (AdHu5), the best-studied vector, are highly prevalent in humans worldwide. Less-prevalent adenoviruses, including human and simian serotypes, provide alternative vaccine platforms. In this study, sera from 200 Brazilian human subjects and New-World monkeys were tested for NAb titers to human serotypes AdHu5 and AdHu26 and chimpanzee-origin Ad viruses of serotype 6 (AdC6) and serotype 68 (AdC68). Seroprevalence rates of NAb in humans were 69.5% for AdHu5, 44% for AdHu26, 21% for AdC6 and 23.5% for AdC68. In addition, NAb titers to human Ad were consistently higher than those found to simian serotypes. Surprisingly, sera from some New-World monkey species were able to neutralize AdC6 and/or AdC68. A possible explanation for these findings and the implications for the development of Ad-vector vaccines are discussed in detail.

Phylogenetic relationships amongst the robust capuchin monkeys (genus Sapajus) are poorly understood. Morphology-based taxonomies have recognized anywhere from one to twelve different species. The current IUCN (2017) classification lists eight robust capuchins: S. xanthosternos, S. nigritus, S. robustus, S. flavius, S. libidinosus, S. cay, S. apella and S. macrocephalus. Here, we assembled the first phylogenomic data set for Sapajus using ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) to reconstruct a capuchin phylogeny. All phylogenomic analyses strongly supported a deep divergence of Sapajus and Cebus clades within the capuchin monkeys, and provided support for Sapajus nigritus, S. robustus and S. xanthosternos as distinct species. However, the UCE phylogeny lumped the putative species S. cay, S. libidinosus, S. apella, S. macrocephalus, and S. flavius together as a single widespread lineage. A SNP phylogeny constructed from the UCE data was better resolved and recovered S. flavius and S. libidinosus as sister species; however, S. apella, S. macrocephalus, and S. cay individuals were recovered in two geographic clades, from northeastern and southwestern Amazon, rather than clustering by currently defined morphospecies. STRUCTURE analysis of population clustering revealed widespread admixture among Sapajus populations within the Amazon and even into the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Difficulty in assigning species by morphology may be a result of widespread population admixture facilitated through frequent movement across major rivers and even ecosystems by robust capuchin monkeys.

Until recently, most phylogenetic and population genetics studies of nonhuman primates have relied on mitochondrial DNA and/or a small number of nuclear DNA markers, which can limit our understanding of primate evolutionary and population history. Here, we describe a cost-effective reduced representation method (ddRAD-seq) for identifying and genotyping large numbers of SNP loci for taxa from across the New World monkeys, a diverse radiation of primates that shared a common ancestor ~20–26 mya. We also estimate, for the first time, the phylogenetic relationships among 15 of the 22 currently-recognized genera of New World monkeys using ddRAD-seq SNP data using both maximum likelihood and quartet-based coalescent methods. Our phylogenetic analyses robustly reconstructed three monophyletic clades corresponding to the three families of extant platyrrhines (Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae), with Pitheciidae as basal within the radiation. At the genus level, our results conformed well with previous phylogenetic studies and provide additional information relevant to the problematic position of the owl monkey (Aotus) within the family Cebidae, suggesting a need for further exploration of incomplete lineage sorting and other explanations for phylogenetic discordance, including introgression. Our study additionally provides one of the first applications of next-generation sequencing methods to the inference of phylogenetic history across an old, diverse radiation of mammals and highlights the broad promise and utility of ddRAD-seq data for molecular primatology.

Abstract. Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species-level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait-based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from À5.83 to À29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and À34.82 to À56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non-volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

Objeti vo: Estudar a ati vidade bactericida, in vitro, do extrato da casca do caule do Anacardium occidentale Linn. (cajueiro) sobre os microrganismos formadores do biofi lme dental comparando com o gluconato de clorexidina a 0.12%. Método: A determinação da Concentração Mínima Bactericida (CMB) foi realizada concomitantemente com a Concentração Inibitória Mínima em meio líquido (CIM), determinada pelo método da diluição em meio líquido usando-se uma escala com concentrações crescentes do extrato hidroalcoólico do Anacardium occidentale Linn, variando da diluição 1:1 até 1:1024, seguindo-se o plaqueamento do conteúdo dos tubos contendo crescimentos visíveis ou não e determinação do número de colônias por placa, sendo defi nida a CMB como a menor concentração do extrato que apresentou 0,01% de bactérias viáveis. Resultados: Todas as linhagens ensaiadas demonstraram elevada sensibilidade ao extrato do cajueiro em uma concentração de 1:4 (Streptococcus sanguis e Lactobacillus casei) a 1:8 (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus miti s e Streptococcus sobrinus) comparado ao gluconato de clorexidina a 0.12% que atuou em uma concentração de 1:2 (Stretococcus miti s), 1:4 (Streptococcus sobrinus) e 1:8 (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis e Lactobacillus casei), assim, observando-se ati vidade até a diluição de 1:8 para ambas as substâncias. Conclusão: O extrato da casca do caule do Anacardium occidentale Linn. (cajueiro) apresenta ati vidade bactericida in vitro sobre os principais microrganismos formadores do biofi lme dental, sugerindo assim a conti nuação dos estudos com esse fi toterápico, para que futuramente obtenha-se um coadjuvante químico efeti vo ao controle do biofi lme supragengival, assim atuando na prevenção e tratamento da cárie e doença periodontal. Concentração Mínima Bactericida do Extrato do Cajueiro sobre Bactérias do Biofi lme Dental Bactericidal Minimum Concentration of Extract of Popularily Known as "cajueiro" Upon Bacterias of Dental Biofi lm

In 2019, a canopy bridge was built connecting two fragments of the Atlantic Forest separated by the Pacatuba unpaved road within the Pacatuba-Gargaú Corridor. This bridge was built as part of the Brazilian National Action Plan for the Conservation of Northeastern Primates (Plano de Ação Nacional para Conservação dos Primatas do Nordeste – PAN PRINE). The forest fragments contain a variety of mammal species, including the endangered primate species Alouatta belzebul and Sapajus flavius. Between September 2019 and March 2020, we monitored the canopy bridge continuously with a Bushnell camera trap; for a total of 204 days of sampling, resulting in evidence of 113 independent passage events. During the monitoring period, four mammal species used the canopy bridge, the Endangered Sapajus flavius (blond capuchin monkey), Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset), Marmosa demerarae (woolly mouse opossum), and Marmosa murina (murine mouse opossum). The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) used the bridge most frequently, representing 50.44% of the passage events (57), while the blond capuchin monkey (S. flavius) crossed the bridge in 30 events (26.5% of total crossings). All other mammals used the bridge less frequently than the primates (23% of crossings were of opossums). There was no record of crossings by the red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul) during the monitoring period. The construction of the canopy bridge within the Pacatuba-Gargaú forest corridor promoted structural and functional connectivity of the forest habitats, affecting the movement of the Endangered blond capuchin monkey and the common marmoset and benefiting other arboreal mammal species. The results indicate that monitoring the use of this canopy bridge provided important insights into the behaviour and ecology of the species studied (e.g., activity patterns, social interactions, group sizes, and reproduction, among many others). In addition, the use of the bridge decreases the risks of animal-vehicle collisions and electrocutions. Considering our results, we strongly recommend constructing and implementing canopy bridges as a strategy for the conservation of arboreal species living in fragmented forest areas.

Robust capuchin monkeys, Sapajus genus, are among the most phenotypically diverse and widespread groups of primates in South America, with one of the most confusing and often shifting taxonomies. We used a ddRADseq approach to generate genome-wide SNP markers for 171 individuals from all putative extant species of Sapajus to access their evolutionary history. Using maximum likelihood, multispecies coalescent phylogenetic inference, and a Bayes Factor method to test for alternative hypotheses of species delimitation, we inferred the phylogenetic history of the Sapajus radiation, evaluating the number of discrete species supported. Our results support the recognition of three species from the Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, with these species being the first splits in the robust capuchin radiation. Our results were congruent in recovering the Pantanal and Amazonian Sapajus as structured into three monophyletic clades, though new morphological assessments are necessary, as the Amazonian clades do not agree with previous morphology-based taxonomic distributions. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Sapajus occurring in the Cerrado, Caatinga, and northeastern Atlantic Forest were less congruent with morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions, as the bearded capuchin was recovered as a paraphyletic clade, with samples from the Caatinga biome being either a monophyletic clade or nested with the blond capuchin monkey.