Efectividad simbiótica de dos cepas de Rhizobium sp. en cuatro variedades de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Perú Symbiotic effectiveness of two Rhizobium sp. strains in four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.
The effect of a recent plant growth regulator, triacontanol (TRIA), on plant growth and yield of Pisum sativum L. was investigated. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), La Molina, Lima, Peru, using a completely randomized block design with eight treatments and three replicates. Treatments consisted in the foliar application of TRIA alone and in all possible combinations with three plant growth regulators based on auxins (AUX), gibberellins (GA), and cytokinins (CK), on pea plants cv. Rondo. The highest green pod yields were obtained with the application of TRIA+AUX+GA+CK, and TRIA+AUX+CK. The TRIA+AUX increased the values of the yield variables while TRIA+GA increased the values of the morphological variables. TRIA+CK showed a stimulating effect on morphological variables and number of grains per pod, while TRIA+AUX+CK acted synergistically on yield variables since their combined effect overweighed the effect of each growth regulator separately. Treatments with TRIA exceeded the control treatment in yield variables, indicating its great potential to be used in sustainable agriculture to guarantee food security in the future.
Background. The characterization and evaluation of the nutritional composition of lupine (Lupinus mutabilis) seeds has a long history. However, the determination of the fatty acid profile has only been carried out in a few varieties. Objective. This study determined the fatty acid profile and chemical composition of the oil of six varieties of lupine consumed in Peru. Methods. The extraction of oil from each lupine variety was carried out using the Soxhlet method. Fatty acids, moisture, acidity index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and density were determined using official AOAC methods. Results. In general, the average values of saturated fatty acids are lower than those of unsaturated fatty acids. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), oleic acid (C18:1) was the most representative, with values ranging from 41.83% to 54.33%. The “Andenes” variety showed an average oleic acid value of 54.60% compared to the other varieties. The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was dominated by linoleic acid (C18:2), and the variety “Cholo fuerte” reported higher values (34.70%) compared to the other varieties. Likewise, the highest average PUFA was 36% and was observed in the “Cholo fuerte” variety. The concentration of linolenic fatty acid (C18:3) ranges from 2.1% for the “Andenes” variety to 2.9% for the common lupine. Additionally, the mean content of linolenic (ω-6) and linoleic (ω-3) acids was 2.33 and 30.89% (13 : 1 ratio), respectively, with the consequent ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids at the mean level of 0.08. All physicochemical characteristics of lupine seed oil are in accordance with the requirements for edible oils. Conclusion. These findings make the six lupine varieties a new source of promising food components of high nutritional value.
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is an Andean legume that has attracted international interest due to its high nutritional value. This has resulted in an increase in its conventional production, which leads to an ecological imbalance. In this context, the application of biotechnologies, based on the use of bacterial inoculants, is of utmost importance. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of a consortium of 2 strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (BR) and 1 strain of Bacillus sp. (BA) on tarwi var. Andenes. The treatments tested were BR + BA, BR + Organic Matter, BR + Agrochemical (Azoxystrobin y Difenoconazole), and the control (without application). The crop was located in Marcara-Ancash (altitude 3254 masl), Peru. The experiment involved the inoculation of BR in the seeds and a re-inoculation 30 days later. BA was inoculated every 30 days in the neck of the plant and aerial part, 5 times during plant development. The inoculation with BR + BA significantly increased the aerial fresh weight (413.2%), plant height (13.5%), and diminished the anthracnose (38.4%) of plants 110 DAS (days after the sowing). Also, this treatment produced the best-harvested emergence percentage (97.9%), morpho-agronomic characteristics, and an increase in the yield (171%) compared to the control. In conclusion, the application of the Bacillus sp. strain and the Bradyrhizobium spp. consortia improved the productivity of tarwi var. Andenes. The interaction of these strains have the potential to be used in tarwi field planting programs.
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Fabaceae), “tarwi” or “chocho”, is an important grain legume in the Andean region. In Peru, studies on tarwi have been mainly focused on morphological features, however, the have not been molecularly characterized. Currently, it is possible to explore genetic parameters of plants with reliable and modern methods like genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We here for the first time used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers to infer the genetic diversity and population structure of 89 accessions of tarwi from nine Andean regions of Peru. A total of 5922 SNPs distributed along all chromosomes of tarwi were identified. STRUCTURE analysis revealed that this crop is grouped into two clusters. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm and, similar to the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed two groups that correspond to the geographic origin of the tarwi samples. AMOVA showed a reduced variation between clusters (7.59 %) and indicated that variability within populations is 92.41 %. Population divergence (Fst) between clusters 1 and 2 revealed low genetic difference (0.019). We also detected a negative Fis for both populations, demonstrating that, similar to other Lupinus species, tarwi also depends on cross-pollination. SNPs markers were powerful and effective for the genotyping process in this germplasm. We hope that this information is the beginning of the path towards a modern genetic improvement and conservation strategies of this important Andean legume.
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