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Climate change is neither an overnight phenomenon nor does it spans on days and months. It is a gradual process that takes years to makes coastal communities socially vulnerable. Social vulnerability is the susceptibility of individuals to the natural disasters. It has been witnessed that global coastal communities have social vulnerability due to climate change. Similarly, the coastal community of Sindh is also linked to social vulnerability due to climate change. The current study intends to explore the social vulnerability of fishermen of coastal communities due to climate change. The qualitative research is widely accepted to find out the social vulnerability. The research population of this study is fishermen living in the Thatta, Sujawal, and Badin districts of Sindh province, Pakistan, selected through the purposive sampling. In each district, 10 IDIs ((In-depth Interview) and 3 FGDs (Focus Group Discussion) were conducted with fishermen after building rapport among them. The sample size included 30 IDIs and 9 FGDs in the study. The study revealed that climate change (cyclone, flood, etc.) and decrease in freshwater lakes have a tremendous effect in lowering fishermen socioeconomic status; reducing their livelihood resources, low income, and poor health of fishermen. Moreover, the increases in expenditure to sail for fishing, and the exploitation by middlemen have also been noticed by this study. Keywords: Social Vulnerability, Climate Change, Fishermen, Coastal Region, Sindh

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In Pakistan, women constitute about 67% of the agricultural labor force, engaged in agriculture and its sub-sectors to support their families. Because of the patriarchal society, women have been discriminated against in acquiring fundamental rights and decision-making in numerous aspects of life, including various farm and livestock-related activities. No or very limited studies have been conducted regarding women farmers' empowerment, especially in the Ghotki, Naushahro Feroz, and Badin districts of Sindh. Hence, this qualitative study was carried out in districts Ghotki, Naushahro Feroz, and Badin, Sindh to determine women farmers' perceptions about their empowerment regarding decision-making in agriculture activities. Thirty IDIs and nine FGDs were conducted through purposive sampling, and the collected data were analyzed through thematic analyses. This study reveals that women farmers perform various agricultural and livestock tasks for about 6 to 8 hours a day with their man folks. Illiteracy and poverty were the main reasons behind their engagement in the sector, and they worked as unpaid labour with their men. Women farmers have limited decision-making authority in various crop activities, the sale and purchase of agricultural goods, livestock, and its by-products, due to cultural constraints, they have no access to the agricultural market. This study suggests that education, professional training, and property ownership rights may be provided to women farmers to grow economically and be productive for future generations, society, and the country.

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan in terms of area , and it has long history behind it , the province is mostly mountainous the 70% of Baluchistan’s land is consist of mountains but the province is also rich in agriculture and livestock, the population is less as compare to its area or land and it has scattered population, it also has the world’s oldest civilization such as MHER Gard civilization historic and prehistoric evidences prove this statement, the land of Balochistan has seen several kind of invaders in the history, it is gate way to central Asia, the province is rich in archeological sites, the province is well famous regarding its fruits and natural minerals, 39 type of minerals has been exploited in province till 2008, this paper discuss the multiculturalism and bilingualism in especial context of Balochistan, as discussed Balochistan is bucket of several cultures and languages, it is very much rich in the context of culture, the vast area of Balochistan has huge and rich cultures inside it, the Pashtoon and Baloch are the two big nations who have been living on this land for centuries, and both nations have their rich culture in their daily life and both are very much cultural in their daily routine. The natural minerals have been mining before partition, the workers from all over the country are found on this land even large number of workers also come from the neighbor country Afghanistan, coal mining is carried out in six districts of Balochistan where workers have been mining , there major number of workers can be found from KPK province and also there is enough number of workers who belong to Hazara tribe who speak Hazargi language and they have their own language and culture, in Mach coal fields the several languages and cultures are found.