Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi. Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used. Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals with co-morbidities is 33.96 %, p=0.000. There were 38.5% of people who performed physical activity for at least 30 minutes every day. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity prevalence was found to be high among Karachi individuals, particularly in men than in women. The predictors of obesity were sedentary lifestyle, including diet and lack of physical exercise, smoking, alcohol intake, and presence of co-morbidities. Preventive steps to avoid overweight and obesity may be recommended for people.
Introduction: Hirsutism is in fact unwanted growth of hairs on the various parts of body of females. Hairs arises particularly on those parts of the body on which hairs are not grown normally in females such as chin, upper lips, abdomen, legs, shoulder and back of the body. Various reasons are reported till so far for the hirsutism development. The prevalence of hirsutism was very low. Methodology: Across-sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital of Sindh, Pakisan for the period of 06 months. A well structured questionnaire was developed comprises on three parts. Which was given to the female students and all the participants were guided regarding filling of that proforma and Ferriman-Gallway scale was used to measure the frequency parameters of Hirsutism. Results: The condition of hirsutism was found among 183 participants, the distribution of hairs was quite different in all selected study subjects. 26 females had hairs on chin, 154 females had hair grown on upper lips, 24 females had hairs on lower abdomen, 13 had hairs on upper abdomen, 11 participants had hairs on arms and legs whereas only 04 girls had hair grown on their shoulders and back of the body. As far as their family background is concern 41 females were belongs to upper class, 117 females belongs to middle class while 25 females were belonging to lower class families. Conclusion: The prevalence of hirsutism was very much common among the females with the associated condition of Idiopathic hirsutism (53%), pulmonary chronic obstructive diseases (31.5%) and Acanthosis nigricans was the most widely recognized cutaneous finding related with hirsutism.
Introduction: Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is a polymyxin group of antibiotics which were throw out for many years, due to their potential adverse reaction neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The different guidelines were reported regarding CMS dosing some based on Creatinine clearance (CrCl) and some on weight and CrCl. There are many discrepancies in the prevalence of nephrotoxicity that has been reported which included various definitions of acute renal injury and many CMS doses used in a variety of literature. In EMA guideline they suggested the dose as 9 MIU which is equivalent to 300 mg of CBA given as a maintenance dose with normal renal function patients. In FDA standard dosing of CMS remains 5 mg/kg CBA per day used and also dose is dependent on patient weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosing criteria of colistimethate sodium associated with nephrotoxicity. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in private sector tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, for duration of six months from July 2020 to December 2020. Sample size was comprised of 157 patients, calculated at 35% prevalence, 95% Confidence Interval and 7% margin of error. Patient included were ≥ 18 years of age, who have received intravenous CMS therapy for greater than 48 hours. Patients having an acute kidney injury or on dialysis (at start of therapy) were excluded. Loading dose and daily dose of CMS was calculated by using actual body weight and Creatinine clearance (CrCl). Cockcroft and Gault equation was used to estimate CrCl before and after the therapy. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by using the RIFLE criteria. SPSS-20 was used for frequency distribution and percentage calculation to show categorical variable. Results: Among 157 enrolled patients, 101 (64.3%) were male and 56(35.7%) were female (Table 1). Table 2. represents that 68(43.3%) patients were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) and 89(56.7%) were in medicinal ward; 22.9% patients were in between the age range 60-70 years (Table 3). Among all patients 63(40.1%) patients were at risk of nephrotoxicity, 27(17.2%) patients were developing injury and 14(8.9%) patients were diagnosed to kidney failure and 53(33.8%) patients were found not to developed nephrotoxicity (Table 4). Table 5 exhibits that 48.4% of the patients were receiving dose of CMS using EMA guideline while 51.6% patients were receiving dose of CMS 2.5-5 mgCBA/kg/day according to FDA. Nephrotoxicity was high among FDA regimen (44.5%). Conclusion: It was concluded that CMS dosing criteria have a significant impact on nephrotoxicity. Close monitoring of renal function, particularly the first week of CMS therapy should be considered to evaluate the renal toxicity of CMS.
This study aimed to screen different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Coelarthrum muelleri for secondary metabolites and subject them to physicochemical analysis, including ash, swelling index, pH, and color tests with different reagents. Seaweeds have been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry for their broad spectrum of structural diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities for health and disease management. Coelarthrum muelleri from red algae was taken as a sample for this study. It was collected from the coastal range of Buleji and Kakapir beaches in Karachi, Pakistan. Three extracts of Coelarthrum muelleri (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane), depending on their polarity, were subjected to phycochemicals of ten chemical compounds (glycosides, quinones, phenols, coumarins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins) and physicochemical test for ash value, pH value, and swelling index. The dried powder of Coelarthrum muelleri was tested for color identification with eight other reagents. The preliminary phycochemical screening of Coelarthrum muelleri showed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, phenols, coumarins, glycosides, and quinones and the absence of alkaloids. Among three extracts, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts show all compounds present except alkaloids. Next, n-hexane showed all compounds positive except for alkaloids, saponins, and quinones, which were absent. The physicochemical indicators are 38 ml of the swelling index, 2.3 pH of 1% Coelarthrum muelleri, and 3.16 pH of 10%. The total ash value is 24.86 + 0.15%, 8.4 + 0.1% for acid insoluble ash, and 7.1 + 0.1% for water-soluble ash. This study on the present seaweed will be helpful in the identification of secondary metabolites as well as be valuable for authenticating the purity and quality.
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