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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related lymphomas are predominantly aggressive B-cells lymphomas. The most prevalent of the HIV-related lymphomas are diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which includes primary central nervous system lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma, whereas primary effusion lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), and classic Hodgkin lymphoma are far less frequent. Of these, PBL is relatively uncommon and displays a distinct predilection for presentation in the oral cavity. In this manuscript, we report a primary testicular form of PBL in 44 year-old Border Security HIV positive patient who presented with bilateral testicular swelling of 1-year duration. On cytopathological and subsequent histopathological examination, the diagnosis of bilateral plasmablastic NHL was made. Extensive systemic work-up failed to reveal any disease outside the testes. Immune suppression rather than HIV itself is implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Herein, we report a case of PBL as AIDS-related malignancy presenting in testes and its correlation with CD4+ count.

Sarcomas of the breast are relatively rare and account for 1% of all primary malignant tumors of the breast. Pure and primary chondrosarcoma of the male breast is an extremely rare tumor. It may arise either from the breast stroma itself or from underlying bone or cartilage. Differential diagnoses include cystosarcoma phyllodes and breast metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid differentiation. Keywords Chondrosarcoma . Male breast Case SummaryAn 80-year-old man presented with a painful mass in the right breast of 9 months' duration ( Fig. 1). Physical examination revealed a firm mass occupying most of the right breast, measuring 20 cm×10 cm in size. Rate of growth was initially slow but then progressed very rapidly in past 3 months before presentation. A chest X-ray did not reveal any involvement of underlying bony cage.Fine needle aspiration smears showed clusters of atypical cells with abundant pale cell cytoplasm and moderately enlarged nuclei against the background of chondroid matrix. Total mastectomy with axillary sampling was performed, and subsequent histopathological examination confirmed the cytological diagnosis of primary chondrosarcoma with lymph nodes showing reactive hyperplasia. No metastasis in axillary lymph nodes was found. Pure chondrosarcoma and metaplastic cancer of the breast rarely invade axillary lymph nodes and are generally hormone receptor-negative [1][2][3][4]. Microscopically, the tumor was seen with atypical chondrocytes in single lacunae which at places were binucleated and multinucleated. The cells were having hyperchromatic nuclei with discrete anisokaryosis. Mitoses were rare (Fig. 2).Chondrosarcoma may occur in three different forms: as a pure chondrosarcoma, as the stromal component of a

Introduction: Vitiligo is an acquired cutaneous disorder characterized by progressive and selective destruction of melanocytes from the epidermis. Autoimmunity is strongly implicated in its pathogenesis. The destruction of melanocytes has a correlation with the peripheral blood lymphocyte imbalance mainly including Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+cells) and Helper T cells (CD4+cells). The progression of vitiligo is associated with higher CD8+ counts and lower CD4+ counts thus, altering CD4+: CD8+ ratio. Aim:To evaluate the clinically suspected cases of vitiligo histopathologically and histochemically and to establish the co-relation of autoimmunity with the flow cytometric analysis of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocyte counts.

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