Background: Early diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and prevention of its malignant progression is very important. The interaction between human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenic proteins and the cellular regulatory proteins leads to the upregulation of p16INK4a. Overexpression of p16INK4a is a surrogate biomarker of HPV infection leading to premalignant or malignant cervical lesions. Aim: In this study, we evaluated the expression of p16INK4a/Ki67 in correlation with HPV genotypes to find out their correlation with dysplasia grading. Patients and Methods: Pap cytology and HPV genotyping were performed from 101 women referred to colposcopy. Biopsy specimens were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, then sections were used for subsequent p16INK4a and Ki67 immunohistochemical analysis. Results: There was a significant correlation between the staining score of p16INK4a and Ki67 and increase the severity of the cervical lesion. A significant positive correlation was found between HPV type and cervical lesion severity. A significant correlation was found between HPV genotypes and the expression of either p16INK4a or Ki67. Conclusion: There is a strong association between the degree of dysplasia and combined p16INK4a/Ki67 immunoreactivity which could be explained by cervical malignant transformation associated with high-risk HPV infections.
Background: Testicular regression syndrome (TRS) is defined as the partial or total absence of testicular tissue in 46XY patients with normal external genitalia. The incidence of TRS has been reported to be less than 5% in patients with cryptorchidism. Herein, we report a case of a oneyear old boy who underwent surgical exploration with an initial diagnosis of cryptorchidism.Case description: a one-year old male came to the outpatient clinic at Al Emadi Hospital, Doha, Qatar. Physical examination revealed normal external genitalia with palpable right testis and non-palpable left testis. The initial diagnosis was cryptorchidism. Testicular structure was not identified and a presumed testicular remnant in the left superficial inguinal ring was sent for histological examination. The histological examination revealed a fibrovascular nodule, spermatic cord structures, calcification and hemosiderin deposits supporting the diagnosis of TRS. Conclusion:When patient fulfills clinical and pathological criteria for TRS, we should consider the possibility of orchiopexy and testicular prosthesis implantation to decrease the risk of testicular torsion and negative psychological effects.
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