Artificial pollination is a prerequisite to achieve a sufficient yield of palm trees; hence the identification of superior male palm trees as a standard pollen source for date palm growers has a high priority. The current study was carried out to assess phenotypic diversity among four date palm males namely Hayani, Meghal, Fardh, and Ghannami Ahmer. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between palm genotypes were performed using eighteen quantitative morphological parameters of both vegetative and reproductive parts (leaf, leaflets, spines, and spathe). Principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering was performed to identify the differences and similarities between the studied genotypes. Results showed significant differences in morphological parameters between the four male palm trees. Most of the selected morphological parameters could be used as quantitative markers for the identification of date palm male genotypes. Principal component analysis showed that, the studied parameters formed two major homogeneous groups of variables, which possessed a high proportion of the observed phenotypic diversity among the studied date palm males. Cluster analysis showed that Fardh, Ghannami Ahmer, and Meghal, are closer related than Hayani; Ghannami and Fardh males showed the highest genetic similarity while the lowest similarity index was detected between Hayani and Ghannami Ahmer males.
This experiment was carried out during two successive crop cycles of 2009/2010 (first ratoon plant) and 2010/2011(second ratoon plant) on Williams Ziv banana (Giant Cavendish AAA subgroup)grown in sandy soil to determine the optimum water requirement under two irrigation systems (drip and minisprinkler systems). Four rates of water (7000, 8750, 10500 and 12250 m 3 /Fed./year) and the plants were fertilized with organic cattle at the rate of 150 m 3 /Fed.year. Results show that: Growth parameters of plant i.e. pseudostem height, circumference, in Dec. number of green leaves and assimilation area at bunch shooting stage significantly increased by increasing the amount of applied water. Drip irrigation gave the highest values for the two above characters compared with minisprinkler system. Time of flowering, harvesting and growth cycle of plants tended to decrease as irrigation water was increase. Drip system shortened the growth cycle duration of Williams Ziv binan. The highest yield per fed., average bunch and finger weight and fruit were achieved from Williams Ziv banana plants received of water 8750 m 3 /Fed./year under drip irrigation system. Water utilization efficiency (WUE) was affected with the amount of water and worked irrigation system. The better value of WUE (4.05 &3.47 Kg.fruit / one m 3 water) was obtained from plants received 8750 m 3 /Fed./year water under drip irrigation system. Adding organic manure had a favorable results on growth might be related to the improvement on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil which increase the availability water and nutrients for plants.Under similar condition it is a recommend for Williams Ziv banana growers to apply of water 8750 m 3 /Fed./year under drip irrigation in sandy soil for the promising yield of good fruit quality, the following excretion water irrigation program could be suggested in Jan.
Pest bird damage in agriculture is a significant and long-standing problem globally especially for high value field crops such as wheat, rice and corn. The present study aims to control the pest birds in the field crops by using sonic waves. The study treatments were sonic waves frequency under four levels of 1, 3, 5, and 7 kHz; exposure time intervals of 1, 5, and 1 0 minutes; field measuring distances of 0, 30 and 50 m and the daily measuring period sunshine and sunset. The obtained results revealed that the sound pressure level (dBA) of sonic waves repeller was negatively affected with levels of device frequency (kHz), exposure time intervals (min) and measuring distance in the field. However, the bird's departure time (min) was positively affected with levels of device frequency and with exposure time. While, the similar effect was obtained for bird's departure time at measuring distance in the field. Finely the results indicated strongly that the most important factors were the frequency and the exposure time which consider effective in pest birds deterrent for the target species mentioned in this study. Low frequency (1; 3 kHz) which increase scaring influence to the pest birds was greater than the high frequency and caused high levels of sound pressure levels (SPL). Also, in the birds departure time Dove, Pigeon and Sparrow flock never returned to the initial position to attack the field crops after only 5 min, but Crow after only 10 min.
This investigation was carried out during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons on the first and second ratoons of Williams banana grown in sandy soil to study the effect of three NPK rates (600,100,800 & 400,75,600 & 300,50,400 N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O actual g/plant/year). Two types of biofertilizers microbien"N-fixation bacteria contained Azotobacter + phosphorus dissolving bacteria Bacillus brevis" and Potaplus"Potassuim dissolving bacteria Bacillus circulans" were divided to four different rate levels of biofertilizers (0, 25, 50 and 75 ml/plant) added into 5 equal doses as a liquid suspension during the first week of April to August. Results revealed that the highest NPK rates (600,100,800 N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O actual g/plant respectively) recorded the greatest vegetative growth (pseudostem highest and circumference as well as assimilation area), bunch weight and yield compared to other rates of fertilization, also it decreased the period to bunch shooting and fruit harvesting. Add biofertilizer led to an improvement in both vegetative growth and productivity . The rate of increase in vegetative growth represented by the length of the pesudostem to 18.75% and the pesudostem circumference to 16.65% and the assimilation area of the plant 17.30% compared to NPK alone. This may be due to the increase in leaf N and K content. Plants received NPK at 400,75 and 600 in addition to 75 cm/plant/year microben biofertilizer gave similar growth and productivity those reseved the higher NPK dose(600,100,800) It was also noted that the addition of enriched biofertilizer microben given the highest bunch weight and productivity than the addition of enriched biofertilizer potaplus during the seasonal study.
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