Processing tomatoes into industrial products leave behind large amounts of by-products. These by-products of tomato processing are attractive sources of high nutritional valuable components. Accordingly, the current research work aims to produce tomato pomace powder as a nutritional valuable material. Tomatoes were juiced, and the remaining pomace were further dried by various drying methods i.e., mechanical dryer at different air temperatures and velocities (60, 80 and 100 °C at 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s), oven drying (60, 80 and 100 °C) and microwave drying at different powers (200, 400, 600 and 800 W). The obtained results showed that the moisture content of the by-product decreases with growing temperature, velocity and microwave power. Dried tomato pomace samples were evaluated for quality attributes, viz. microbial activity, color, and chemical compounds (moisture content, dry matter, Ash, carbohydrate, protein, fat and total carotenoids). Drying process caused a considerable decrement in total microbial counts of tomato pomace samples (the best value was 1.9×10 3 cfu.ml-1) at mechanical dryer (100 °C and 2 m/s). In conclusion, using the mechanical drying method at 100 °C achieved the best results of minimum value of microbial load, minimum change in color parameters and higher total carotenoids for dried samples although the drying time is greater than the microwave method. Hence, these drying methods were applied to optimize the drying conditions in order to valorization by-products of tomatoes. Therefore, the authors recommended using a large scale of mechanical dryer for tomato pomace drying at the optimum operational condition mentioned above.
The main objective of this investigation is to rearrange the tines of chisel plow as -shape to reduce draft force required for plowing and to avoid jamming of soil clods and crop residues which frequently occurred when using the common chisel plow of tines arranged in 2 rows. The performance of the modified -shape chisel plow was evaluated compared to other 2 and 3 rows of chisel plow. The performance tests were carried out at two different pervious crops of experimental field with three levels of soil moisture content (25.20, 20.25 and 17.30% for rice field and 20.77, 16.92 and 14.38% for soya bean field). Two different levels of plowing depth (10 and 20 cm) were included in the tests. The obtained results indicated that:• The lowest values of draft force and the highest values of field capacity
Pest bird damage in agriculture is a significant and long-standing problem globally especially for high value field crops such as wheat, rice and corn. The present study aims to control the pest birds in the field crops by using sonic waves. The study treatments were sonic waves frequency under four levels of 1, 3, 5, and 7 kHz; exposure time intervals of 1, 5, and 1 0 minutes; field measuring distances of 0, 30 and 50 m and the daily measuring period sunshine and sunset. The obtained results revealed that the sound pressure level (dBA) of sonic waves repeller was negatively affected with levels of device frequency (kHz), exposure time intervals (min) and measuring distance in the field. However, the bird's departure time (min) was positively affected with levels of device frequency and with exposure time. While, the similar effect was obtained for bird's departure time at measuring distance in the field. Finely the results indicated strongly that the most important factors were the frequency and the exposure time which consider effective in pest birds deterrent for the target species mentioned in this study. Low frequency (1; 3 kHz) which increase scaring influence to the pest birds was greater than the high frequency and caused high levels of sound pressure levels (SPL). Also, in the birds departure time Dove, Pigeon and Sparrow flock never returned to the initial position to attack the field crops after only 5 min, but Crow after only 10 min.
In the workshops of agricultural sector there are a lot of technical jobs which widely use hand-held or bench-top workshop power tools such as angle grinders, drills, riveters, chain saw, pneumatic hammers and torque wrenches. Which consider the most important sources of hand arm vibration (HAV) These workshop power tools are known to transmit substantial vibrations to the operators/worker's hand and arm and act as vibrations resource consequently, create problems for operators/workers who regularly exposure to hand arm vibrations. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation is to study the effect of frequently using of workshop tools on worker's hand arm vibration and safety. The study selected eight representatives healthy workers were well familiar with the workshop power tools control levers and had sufficient experience of operating some power tools from both bench-top and hand held workshop power tools (stand drill, wheel grinder, disc cutter, angle grinder impact drill, and rotary hammer drill with different spare discs under two different working postures as vertically erected and squeeze) during five different operations, namely, grinding, drilling, cutting, breaking and polishing using three types of materials (metal, wood and concrete). Parameters such as frequency-weighted vibration acceleration in root mean square (RMS), heart pulses rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), work related body pain (WRBP), stand height, arm length and mass of operators were evaluated. Vibration measurements were performed according to (ISO 5349-2: 2001). Workshops operations were conducted in a statistically designed layout (randomized complete blocks design) and were conducted at applied research farm of Rice Mechanization Center, Meet Eldeeba, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, in the 2018. The obtained results indicated that the cutting by the angle grinder gives the highest HAV data of the frequency weighted RMS acceleration magnitude while, the largest single orthogonal axis is in the axis (X) which exceeded than both of exposure action value and exposure limit value. This causes a high risk on the worker hand-arm which increases the heart rate and blood pressure followed by the polishing by the hand angle grinder. On the other hand, the HAV emission level recorded the lowest values during grinding by the bench-top wheel grinder and drilling by the bench-top stand drill consequently; there is no risk on the operator hand-arm and also the heart rate and blood pressure. Using rubber gloves during cutting by the hand angle grinder leads to a decrement percentages in the HAV values and so heart rate and blood pressure. The maximum WRBP values were obtained during the cutting by the angle grinder on working squeeze posture followed by cutting by the angle grinder on working normal posture and polishing by the angle grinder. Maximum pain levels of 15.6, 14.8 and 13.6 (Borg scale) were observed respectively. Results showed that there are significant differences between RMS, SBP, DSBP and heart rate during the different workshop ...
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