For more than a century, visual learning and memory have been studied in the honeybee using operant appetitive conditioning. Although honeybees show impressive visual learning capacities in this well-established protocol, operant training of free-flying animals cannot be combined with invasive protocols for studying the neurobiological basis of visual learning. In view of this, different attempts have been made to develop new classical conditioning protocols for studying visual learning in harnessed honeybees, though learning performance remains considerably poorer than that for free-flying animals. Here, we investigated the ability of honeybees to use visual information acquired during classical conditioning in a new operant context. We performed differential visual conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) followed by visual orientation tests in a Y-maze. Classical conditioning and Y-maze retention tests were performed using the same pair of perceptually isoluminant chromatic stimuli, to avoid the influence of phototaxis during free-flying orientation. Visual discrimination transfer was clearly observed, with pre-trained honeybees significantly orienting their flights towards the former positive conditioned stimulus (CS+), thus showing that visual memories acquired by honeybees are resistant to context changes between conditioning and the retention test. We combined this visual discrimination approach with selective pharmacological injections to evaluate the effect of dopamine and octopamine in appetitive visual learning. Both octopaminergic and dopaminergic antagonists impaired visual discrimination performance, suggesting that both these biogenic amines modulate appetitive visual learning in honeybees. Our study brings new insight into cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying visual learning in honeybees.
Introdução: Devido à necessidade de isolamento social imposto pela Covid-19, para conter o avanço da pandemia, sucedeu-se uma mudança imprevista na rotina em todas as faixas etárias da população, o que pôde cooperar para o surgimento de alteração no sono e em hábitos alimentares, ansiedade, dentre outras, durante este período. Objetivo: Identificar na literatura dados sobre o efeito do isolamento social devido à pandemia da COVID-19 frente às crianças e adolescentes para o risco de obesidade. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura. A busca na literatura, ocorreu durante os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2023 nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Web of Science, PUBMED, Scopus, Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (SCIELO) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (LILACS). Resultados: O isolamento social teve um efeito negativo para a saúde dessa população, considerando as associações da obesidade e suas consequências deletérias que podem aumentar durante o mesmo, devido à facilitação de um estilo de vida sedentário. Conclusão: Apesar de poucos dados na literatura, ainda assim notou-se o impacto do isolamento social por meio do aumento do sedentarismo, da obesidade e de hábitos alimentares supercalóricos. Esses fatores magnificaram a ocorrência da obesidade infantil no período da pandemia da Covid-19, o que reflete maiores riscos à saúde dessa população e evidencia a necessidade de maior atenção ao sobrepeso e obesidade infantil.
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