The bulk of the world’s biodiversity is found in tropical regions, which are increasingly threatened by the human-led degradation of natural habitats. Yet, little is known about tropical biodiversity responses to habitat loss and fragmentation. Here we review all available literature assessing landscape effects on gene flow in tropical species, aiming to help unravel the factors underpinning functional connectivity in the tropics. We map and classify studies by focus species, the molecular markers employed, statistical approaches to assess landscape effects on gene flow, and the evaluated landscape and environmental variables. We then compare qualitatively and quantitatively landscape effects on gene flow across species and units of analysis. We found 69 articles assessing landscape effects on gene flow in tropical organisms, most of which were published in the last five years, were concentrated in the Americas, and focused on amphibians or mammals. Most studies employed population-level approaches, microsatellites were the preferred type of markers, and Mantel and partial Mantel tests the most common statistical approaches used. While elevation, land cover and forest cover were the most common gene flow predictors assessed, habitat suitability was found to be a common predictor of gene flow. A third of all surveyed studies explicitly assessed the effect of habitat degradation, but only 14 of these detected a reduced gene flow with increasing habitat loss. Elevation was responsible for most significant microsatellite-based isolation by resistance effects and a single study reported significant isolation by non-forested areas in an ant. Our study reveals important knowledge gaps on the study of landscape effects on gene flow in tropical organisms, and provides useful guidelines on how to fill them.
A mama é um tecido sujeito a frequentes alterações decorrentes de diversos fatores, como desequilíbrios hormonais. Essas mudanças podem ocasionar a doença fibrocística da mama (DFM) cujo termo abrange várias patologias comuns e benignas que acometem as mulheres de forma cada vez mais recorrente. No que concerne a essa doença, o diagnóstico, manejo dos sintomas e efetividade no tratamento são de suma importância para aumentar a qualidade de vida das pacientes, bem como minimizar os riscos dessas lesões agravarem-se para câncer de mama. Nesse aspecto, o presente trabalho realizou uma pesquisa minuciosa através das plataformas virtuais Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Google Acadêmico para compor essa Revisão Integrativa da Literatura (RIL). Após a seleção dos artigos, que foram separados devido a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, constatou-se que a DFM afeta várias mulheres com sintomas como mastalgia (dor), secreção mamária, edema e diversos outros sintomas que impactam negativamente na sua qualidade de vida física, psicológica e sexual, sendo necessário o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce.
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