Background Ceratobasidium theobromae, a member of the Ceratobasidiaceae family, is the causal agent of vascular-streak dieback (VSD) of cacao, a major threat to the chocolate industry in the South-East Asia. The fastidious pathogen is very hard to isolate and maintain in pure culture, which is a major bottleneck in the study of its genetic diversity and genome. Result This study describes for the first time, a 33.90 Mbp de novo assembled genome of a putative C. theobromae isolate from cacao. Ab initio gene prediction identified 9264 protein-coding genes, of which 800 are unique to C. theobromae when compared to Rhizoctonia spp., a closely related group. Transcriptome analysis using RNA isolated from 4 independent VSD symptomatic cacao stems identified 3550 transcriptionally active genes when compared to the assembled C. theobromae genome while transcripts for only 4 C. theobromae genes were detected in 2 asymptomatic stems. De novo assembly of the non-cacao associated reads from the VSD symptomatic stems uniformly produced genes with high identity to predicted genes in the C. theobromae genome as compared to Rhizoctonia spp. or genes found in Genbank. Further analysis of the predicted C. theobromae transcriptome was carried out identifying CAZy gene classes, KEGG-pathway associated genes, and 138 putative effector proteins. Conclusion These findings put forth, for the first time, a predicted genome for the fastidious basidiomycete C. theobromae causing VSD on cacao providing a model for testing and comparison in the future. The C. theobromae genome predicts a pathogenesis model involving secreted effector proteins to suppress plant defense mechanisms and plant cell wall degrading enzymes.
Abstract. Syamsia S, Idhan A, Firmansyah AP, Noerfitryani N, Rahim I, Kesaulya H, Armus R. 2021. Combination on endophytic fungal as the Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF) on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Biodiversitas 22: 1194-1202. Endophytic fungi are known to stimulate plant growth by producing secondary metabolites, including phytohormones (IAA and Gibberellins), siderophore, phosphate-solubilizing metabolites. In this study, a total of six endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from local rice plants and showed different abilities in producing secondary metabolites, during single isolates testing. These six isolates were then combined to obtain 15 combinations for analysis, to determine the best combination for application as a plant growth promoter. Subsequently, each combination was tested for phytohormones (IAA, gibberellins) and siderophore (quantitatively)-producing activity, phosphate-solubilizing ability, and the effect on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) plant growth. F13 showed activity in producing IAA and produced the highest gibberellin levels, while F1 exhibited the highest phosphate-solubilizing activity. In addition, F11 (Na-salicylate) and F1 (catechol) showed the highest siderophore activity, while a combination of F6, F8, F9, and F12 successfully increased plant height growth. Also, F4 increased the root growth, while the fresh weight of cucumber was increased by F8 treatment, under controlled conditions. Molecular analysis showed the tested isolates have close similarity to Daldinia eschscholtzii, Sarocladium oryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Penicillium allahabadense, and Aspergillus foetidus. The combination of endophyte fungal isolates showed potential as plant growth promoters, however, further testing on several plant types is required before the combination is to be widely applied.
Masyarakat di Desa Bontosunggu mayoritas bekerja sebagai petani tanaman padi dengan kendala utama berupa serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Selama ini pengendalian yang mereka lakukan dengan penggunaan pestisida sintetik, namun belakangan ini cara tersebut dinilai kurang efektif. Berdasarkan observasi awal diperoleh informasi mengenai kurangnya pengetahuan petani mengenai OPT tanaman padi sehingga pengendaliannya tidak tepat sasaran dan penggunaan pestisida yang tidak bijaksana sehingga terjadi kekebalan OPT dan rusaknya lingkungan sekitar. Pemecahan masalah dilakukan dengan melakukan penyuluhan mengenai OPT penting tanaman padi, diskusi atau dialog, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pelatihan penggunaan pestisida yang baik dan benar. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan respon positif dari petani yang ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya pertanyaan saat diskusi, dan kemampuan petani dalam mengukur pestisida sesuai petunjuk pada kemasan.
Chlorogenic acid was first isolated from coffee beans, and this compound is found in many plants including cocoa fruit. Besides functioning as an antibacterial and antioxidant, this compounds act as insect repellents and attractants. According the literature, chlorogenic acid is a stimulant for laying eggs. Because this compound is also found in cocoa and has a function in attracting insects, an experiment was conducted to see the response of the main cocoa pests, cocoa fruit borer (CPB). Pure dissolved chlorogenic acid was divided into several concentrations and then tested with CPB adults male and female. The results of this test show that at concentrations of 5% of chlorogenic acid compounds attract more CPB, and the average of the CPB adults whose choose is female. The most of CPB visit time was 3 hours after the experiment was carried out then stop visit after 18 hours.
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