(2017) Impacts of conversion of tropical peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation on peat organic chemistry, physical properties and carbon stocks. Geoderma, 289 . pp. 36-45. ISSN 1872-6259 Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43906/1/Tonks%20et%20al.%20for %20Geoderma_18%20Oct.pdf Copyright and reuse:The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact eprints@nottingham.ac.uk greater than decomposition rates (Jauhiainen et al., 2008). 54These unique systems are valuable resources, contributing a multitude of ecosystem services. 55Above ground, tropical rainforests maintain areas of high biodiversity by providing habitats 56 for a variety of species, many of which are endemic (Posa et al. 2011; Keddy et al., 2009). 57Below ground, the sequestration of atmospheric carbon is interwoven into the fabric of the 58 ecosystem (Jauhiainen et al., 2008). An estimated 42,000 megatons of ancient carbon is 59 stored in 12% of the total land area of Southeast Asia alone, making this one of the largest 60 stores of terrestrial carbon on Earth (Wetlands International, 2014). Peat soil structure is 61 responsible for ecosystem processes by controlling hydrology, which regulates hydrological 62 features within the catchment. For example, its high organic matter content and low bulk 63 density allows peat to acts as a water reservoir, mitigating extreme conditions such as floods 64 and droughts (Huat et al., 2011;Wösten et al., 2008). 65Land use change over the past century has been a key driver of peatland degradation, with 66 conversion to agriculture and forestry, and peat extraction sites, leading to artificially lowered 67 water tables (Haddaway et al., 2014 (Hooijer et al., 2010; Couwenberg et al., 2010). 85A greater degree of peat decomposition results in loss of structure as fresh litter is first broken 86 down to fibrous hemic peat, and then, following sustained decomposition, to sapric peat 87 (Wüst et al., 2003). The progressing decomposition process alters the organic components 88 and chemistry due to loss of carbon and conversion of readily decomposable materials, such 89 as polysaccharides, celluloses and hemicelluloses, with only more recalcitrant compounds 90 such as lignin and humic substances remaining (Andriesse, 1988; Broder et al., 2012; Kuhry 91 and Vitt, 1996;...
Honey is used as a therapy to aid wound healing. Previous data indicate that honey can stimulate cytokine production from human monocytes. The present study further examines this phenomenon in manuka honey. As inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells is classically mediated by pattern recognition receptors in response to microorganisms, bacterial contamination of honey and the effect of blocking TLR2 and -4 on stimulatory activity were assessed. No vegetative bacteria were isolated from honey; however, bacterial spores were cultured from one-third of samples, and low levels of LPS were detected. Blocking TLR4 but not TLR2 inhibited honey-stimulated cytokine production significantly. Cytokine production did not correlate with LPS levels in honey and was not inhibited by polymyxin B. Further, the activity was reduced significantly following heat treatment, indicating that component(s) other than LPS are responsible for the stimulatory activity of manuka honey. To identify the component responsible for inducing cytokine production, honey was separated by molecular weight using microcon centrifugal filtration and fractions assessed for stimulatory activity. The active fraction was analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, which demonstrated the presence of a number of components of varying molecular weights. Additional fractionation using miniaturized, reverse-phase solid-phase extraction resulted in the isolation of a 5.8-kDa component, which stimulated production of TNF-alpha via TLR4. These findings reveal mechanisms and components involved in honey stimulation of cytokine induction and could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutics to improve wound healing for patients with acute and chronic wounds.
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