This study examines how self-consciousness is defined and assessed using self-report questionnaires (Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS), Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, Self-Absorption Scale, Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, and Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale). Authors of self-report measures suggest that self-consciousness can be distinguished by its private/public aspects, its adaptive/maladaptive applied characteristics, and present/past experiences. We examined these claims in a study using 602 young adults to whom the aforementioned scales were administered. Data were analyzed as follows: (1) correlation analysis to find simple associations between the measures; (2) factorial analysis using Oblimin rotation of total scores provided from the scales; and (3) factorial analysis considering the 102 items of the scales all together. It aimed to clarify relational patterns found in the correlations between SCSs, and to identify possible latent constructs behind these scales. Results support the adaptive/maladaptive aspects of self-consciousness, as well as distinguish to some extent public aspects from private ones. However, some scales that claimed to be theoretically derived from the concept of Private Self-Consciousness correlated with some of its public self-aspects. Overall, our findings suggest that while self-reflection measures tend to tap into past experiences and judged concepts that were already processed by the participants’ inner speech and thoughts, the Awareness measure derived from Mindfulness Scale seems to be related to a construct associated with present experiences in which one is aware of without any further judgment or logical/rational symbolization. This sub-scale seems to emphasize the role that present experiences have in self-consciousness, and it is argued that such a concept refers to what has been studied by phenomenology and psychology over more than 100 years: the concept of pre-reflective self-conscious.
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as relações lógicas que fundamentam a abordagem dialógica do self e sua contraparte instrumental, o Repertório de Posições Pessoais (RPP). A análise partiu da evidência fornecida pela aplicação do RPP a 17 participantes com idade entre 19 e 34 anos (11 mulheres). Os resultados sugeriram dois contextos para o fenômeno da dialogicidade: a possibilidade de uma pessoa perceber-se como uma multiplicidade de características, e de construir narrativas sobre si a partir de diferentes pontos de vista. Esses resultados indicaram que o RPP é capaz de demonstrar a estrutura espacial da dialogicidade, mas não a dialogicidade em ação, que se revela um resultado da natureza narrativa do self. Para concluir, são discutidas limitações e possibilidades do RPP.
This study presents a phenomenological analysis of inner speech under two conditions: (a) the performance of a thinking-aloud task, contextualized by psychometric parameters, and (b) conscious experience of daily life. A total of 23 undergraduate students, aged between 18 and 28 years old, participated in the study. Three instruments were used: Raven Progressive Matrices, Rumination and Reflection Questionnaire, and a phenomenological interview. The following stood out: the structural triad of a voice (the Self) that talks to a third party (You) about an object (Me), according to the Peirce-Mead model of Norbert Wiley, the bi-dimensional intentionality that exists between the task and the self, and rumination disruptions during the performance of the Raven test. The phenomenological interviews revealed when, why and how inner dialogue occurs, as well as when it is inappropriate (circular thinking) or appropriate (productive and strategic thinking). This study also differentiated first and third person data in a cognitive phenomenon that was observed. Keywords Perspectiva Experiencial de Conversación Interna en un Contexto de Solución de ProblemasResumen: Se trata de un análisis fenomenológico de la conversación interna en dos condiciones: (a) el desempeño de tareas en voz alta contextualizada por parámetros psicométricos, y (b) la experiencia consciente de la vida cotidiana. Los sujetos fueron 23 estudiantes universitarios, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 28 años. Se utilizaron tres instrumentos: Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven; Cuestionario de Rumia y Reflexión; y entrevista fenomenológica. El análisis mostró que: la tríada estructural de una voz (Yo) habla con una tercera parte (Usted) acerca de un objeto (Me), según el modelo de Norbert Wiley, la intencionalidad de dos dimensiones existentes entre la tarea y el self, la interferencia de la rumia durante la ejecución del Raven. Las entrevistas fenomenológicas describieron cuando, por que y como ocurre la conversación interna, y cuando es inadecuada (pensamiento repetitivo) u oportuna (pensamiento productivo, estratégico). El estudio también diferenció la función de datos de la tercera y primera persona en la elucidación de un fenómeno cognitivo. This study employs phenomenological analysis to examine, based on evidence, the manifestation of verbalized inner dialogue. The focus of the analysis is the flow of consciousness, that is, the movement of intentionality between the task proposed and the consciousness of oneself concerning the task being performed.In the last two decades, the human ability to reflect has been studied from two different perspectives: redefinition of the concept of self (Gallagher & Shear, 2005;Hermans, 2002;Wiley, 1994Wiley, , 2006 and empirical verification of inner conversation (Archer, 2003(Archer, , 2007DeSouza, DaSilveira, & Gomes, 2008;DaSilveira, 2007;DeSouza, 2005). Reflexivity means the basic cognitive act of interpreting and making sense of something, that is, the process of semiosis that transforms experien...
Este artigo tem dois objetivos. O primeiro é justificar a conversa interna como capacitação humana básica à reflexão e necessária à execução de tarefas complexas, conforme indicado por diferentes tradições de pesquisa. O segundo é interpretar o processo semiótico da conversa interna como expressão dialógica do self. A argumentação sustenta-se na lógica adutiva, do latim adducere, que é definida como trazer para prova ou consideração dados de diferentes fontes. Como resultado, a conversa interna é definida: 1) como fenômeno psicológico em seus próprios méritos, independente de metodologias ou teorias; 2) como processo para fazer sentido que pode ser chamado simplesmente de self; 3) como elo que esclarece as influências mútuas entre um self privado e o meio social, mas reconhecendo a autonomia funcional do self frente às forças sociais.
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