A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa transmitida pelo ar causada por organismos do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Embora primariamente um patógeno pulmonar, esse agente infeccioso pode causar doenças em quase todas as partes do corpo, alterando a morfologia e função de tecidos e órgãos hospedeiros. Essa doença é a principal causa de morte por uma infecção em adultos no mundo. O Brasil apresentou mais de 91 mil casos de tuberculose em 2019, desses, cerca de 24,8 mil foram diagnosticados na região Nordeste e, desse valor, 24,8% correspondem ao estado de Pernambuco. Assim, devido ao caráter plural da infecção pelo Mycobacterium e ao elevado número de casos relatados em Pernambuco, no ano de 2019, é importante que o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose, nesse estado, seja traçado. Assim, este visa analisar os últimos dados públicos dos casos diagnosticados de tuberculose e traçar um perfil epidemiológico da doença no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva, feita a partir da retirada de informações do site oficial do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN, acerca dos diagnósticos de tuberculose (TB) em Pernambuco (PE), Brasil. Após a análise dos dados, se evidenciou que o sexo masculino é prevalente, com 70,3% das notificações. Levando em conta a faixa etária, a TB é prevalente de 20 a 29 anos (25,4%) e menor de 1 a 5 anos (0,7%). Com relação à escolaridade, a enfermidade aparece mais em pessoas de 5° a 8° série incompleta (14,1%) e menor naquelas que têm ensino superior incompleto (1,2%). Já, com relação à raça, prevalece mais em pardos (59%) e menos em indígenas (0,4%). Levantando o tipo de entrada, prevaleceu o de número de casos novos (74,9%). Quando não se apresenta no pulmão, a doença é, prioritariamente, ganglionar periférica (5,4%). A TB apresenta diagnóstico laboratorial em 55,1%. A baciloscopia de segundo e sexto mês são negativas em 20,5% e 12,1% dos casos, respectivamente. O índice de coinfecção com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana é de 11,1%. Por fim, a situação de encerramento é, majoritariamente, a cura (34,9%). É necessário destacar que este estudo se limitou a analisar os dados disponíveis no site do SINAN, e, algumas dessas informações apresentaram grande número de dados ignorados/brancos, não aplicados ou não realizados podendo causar um déficit nas análises.
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This study aims to analyze the profile of adverse events (AEs) of drugs for the treatment of Toxoplasmosis. This is a review carried out through a bibliographic search in the electronic databases PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Digital Library and LILACS. The keywords “Toxoplasmosis” AND “Drug Therapy” AND “Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions” were used. The selection was performed by two independent reviewers and the articles were included considering the presence of retrospective studies and case reports published in the literature in Portuguese and English and without time restrictions. In total, 40 articles were found, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Cases of cerebral, ocular, gestational and congenital Toxoplasmosis were identified. Among these, we observed a total of 85 patients with reports of AEs due to the use of Pyrimethamine, Sulfadiazine, Spiramycin, Clindamycin, Atovaquone, Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole and Sulfadoxine. Clinical reactions were in the form of skin rash (57.1%), hematological alterations (28.5%), Lyell syndromes (7.1%), Stevens-Johnson (21.4%) and DRESS (21 .4%). The prevalence of AEs related to hematological alterations was seen mainly in treatments based on Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole; on the other hand, those associated with severe syndromes are often related to the use of Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine. It is important to establish a standard protocol for drug therapy for Toxoplasmosis, which does not yet exist. In addition, the need to monitor patients after drug administration is highlighted, given the possibility of the occurrence of adverse events that can represent a threat to life.
Studies investigating the association between the phase angle (PA) and frailty are scarce. The PA is considered a practical, low-cost, noninvasive measure for the early identification of this clinical condition. To investigate the association between PA and frailty/pre-frailty, nutritional and clinical aspects in older people. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 51 older people (≥ 60 years). PA was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Frailty profile was determined using the criteria of unintentional weight loss, self-reported fatigue, slow gait speed, low grip strength and insufficient physical activity. Nutritional status was evaluated based on the body mass index and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI). Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were also investigated. Sociodemographic data were collected through interviews. Prevalence of frailty/pre-frailty was 84.3%, with no difference between the sexes. The first tercile of the sample had a PA lower than 6º, which was considered low. No significant difference in PA was found between older people with or without frailty/pre-frailty. In the multiple linear regression analysis, age and ASMMI were shown to be potential independent predictors for PA. Age showed an inverse correlation with PA, while ASMMI showed a direct correlation. No association was found between PA and frailty or pre-frailty.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus accumulates more than 397 million cases and almost 5.8 million deaths worldwide. It is an agent transmitted by droplets of infected secretions. During pregnancy, a variety of circumstances can affect maternal health, fetal development, and neonatal health, and the environment to which the expectant mother is exposed can leave a permanent imprint on the baby's physiology. Thus, there is a real need for special attention in the relationship of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, it is important to raise the new findings relating to COVID-19 throughout the period from pregnancy to the puerperium, including childbirth and breastfeeding. The objective of this work was to analyze the existing literature in order to raise knowledge of the relationship between COVID-19 and the entire period involving pregnancy. It is a qualitative, basic, exploratory work and an integrative bibliographic procedure. The search was carried out in the repositories: Pubmed, Bireme, Lilacs and Scielo using the descriptors: Infection, COVID-19 and New born, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published in 2020 and 2021. The literature (24 articles) showed that there is conflict between multiple data. Pregnancy and neonatal periods are considered high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mechanism of neonatal infection is not clear, there are cases of transplacental transmission, infected at birth, by direct contact and who did not become infected. Regarding the evolution and prognosis of the disease, when symptomatic, babies have predominantly respiratory dysfunctions. There is no consensus on whether breastfeeding should be done directly or indirectly and whether the baby should be immediately separated from the positive mother. It is considered that there is a lot of inconclusive information about the subjects analyzed and that much remains to be done to build strong scientific evidence on the subject.
Objective: to investigate the factors associated with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) in community-dwelling older people. Methods: This was a cross-sectional community-based study. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the cutoff points of hand grip strength (HGS), and SO was identified through a low HGS concomitant with a high body fat percentage, according to sex, determined using electrical bioimpedance. Calorie and protein intake was estimated using a 24-hour recall. Socio-demographic data were obtained by means of an interview and the level of physical activity was assessed using a specific instrument. Results: Prevalence of 43% and 19.6% were observed for sarcopenia and SO, respectively. Older people aged ≥ 70 years have a significantly higher risk for sarcopenia in 183% (PR = 2.83; 95% CI = [1.62 to 4.96]; p value < 0.001) compared to those aged 60 to 69 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in males, among those who contribute to family support, present comorbidities and are less physically active. The prevalence of SO and sarcopenia was high, but this study did not allow us to observe statistically significant associations. Calorie and protein intakes were predominantly inadequate throughout the sample, however, there was no association with sarcopenia and SO. Conclusion: Advance years of life was shown to be a factor associated with sarcopenia, and with SO. Contributing to family support and insufficient physical activity were determining conditions for the occurrence of sarcopenia.
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