Viral and bacterial infections represent an occupational risk for female sex workers. This study aimed at determining HPV coinfection with genital pathogens among female sex workers in West and Central Africa and identifying antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 182 samples from female sex workers were analyzed by real-time PCR and classic PCR. For the molecular diagnosis of HPV, the real-time multiplex amplification kit “HPV Genotypes 14 Real-TM Quant” from SACACE Biotechnologies®, detecting 14 high-risk HPV genotypes, was used, while for other pathogens, the real-time multiplex amplification kit N. gonorrhoeae/C. trachomatis/M. genitalium/T. vaginalis Real-TM, allowing their simultaneous detection, was used. The women were aged 17–50 years with an average age of 27.12 ± 6.09 years. The pathogens identified were HPV 54.94% (100/120), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (13.74%), Chlamydia trachomatis (11.54%) and Mycoplasma genitalium (11.54%). The most common HPV genotypes were HPV68, HPV38 and HPV52. The antibiotic resistance genes identified were bla QNR B 24.00%, bla GES 22.00%, bla SHV 17.00%, blaCTX-M 13.00% and bla QNR S 1.00%. This study revealed the presence of various HPV genotypes associated with other pathogens with problems of antibiotic resistance among sex workers of West and Central African origin working in Ouagadougou.

Background/Aims: The Escherichia coli MazF is an endoribonuclease that cleaves mRNA at ACA sequences, thereby triggering inhibition of protein synthesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the mazEF toxin-antitoxin system in plants to develop biotechnological tools for targeted cell ablation. Methods: A double transformation strategy, combining expression of the mazE antitoxin gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, reported to drive expression in all plant cells except within the tapetum, together with the expression of the mazF gene under the control of the TA29 tapetum-specific promoter in transgenic tobacco, was applied. Results: No transgenic TA29-mazF line could be regenerated, suggesting that the TA29 promoter is not strictly tapetum specific and that MazF is toxic for plant cells. The regenerated 35S-mazE/TA29-mazF double-transformed lines gave a unique phenotype where the tapetal cell layer was necrosed resulting in the absence of pollen. Conclusion: These results show that the E. colimazEF system can be used to induce death of specific plant cell types and can provide a new tool to plant cell ablation.

Resistance to a wide variety of common antimicrobials is observed among clinical strains designed as extended spectrum β-lactmase (ESBL) producers. They produce enzymatic protein which inactivates efficiently oxyimino cephalosporin and constitutes a serious global health concern that has complicated treatment strategies. Many studies report high prevalence of ESBL producers among Gram negative bacilli. The aim of this work was to identify the presence of TEM, SHV and CTX-M families in these strains which were initially screened by phenotypic method. Gram negative bacilli resisting third or four generation cephalosporin were isolated during anti-biogram study. The presence of ESBL positivity was detected using the double disk synergy test. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftriazon for any strain were determined using E-test manufacturing protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for β-lactamase (bla) genes of TEM, SHV and CTX-M family was carried out using designed primers in 171 ESBL isolates producers. Among 259 Gram negative bacilli collected, 171 (66, 02%) exhibited ESBL producers' profile. Urine samples constitute major source of ESBL producers. The highest prevalence of ESBL was observed in Escherichia coli (75, 50%). Among ESBL isolates producers, gene prevalence of bla-CTX-M (65, 49%) was highest, followed by bla-TEM (25, 73%) and bla-SHV (18, 71%) in the present study. The frequency of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increased. Continual drug resistance surveillance and molecular characteristics of ESBL isolates are necessary to guide the appropriate and judicious antibiotic use.

Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity among women due to Candida species. In the last decades, resistance to azoles, first-line antifungals has increased. One molecular mechanism of azole resistance by Candida involves mutations in the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, the target enzyme. This study was conducted to identify the clinical Candida species associated in vulvovaginal candidiasis; to determine the rate of antifungal resistance among Candida albicans isolates and to determine mutated ERG11 gene at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methods Antifungals susceptibility were performed using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. ERG11 gene was detected using conventional PCR in C. albicans isolates resistant to at least one azole. Results Out of 262 clinical strains isolated, C. albicans accounted for 59.90%, followed by Candida glabrata 27.86%, Candida famata 7.25%, Candida tropicalis 3.05% and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.91%. Resistance rate of fluconazole to C. albicans was 59.54%. ERG11 gene was found in 9.79% of 92 C. albicans strains resistant to azoles. Conclusions This detection of mutated ERG11 gene in C. albicans is the first in Burkina Faso and may be a cause of azole resistance in recurrent Candida vulvovaginitis.

Background: Bacterial resistance to beta lactamins is a real public health problem as it complicates treatment strategies. Several types of beta lactamase confer this resistance. Numerous studies report a high prevalence of ESBL producers among Gram-negative bacilli. The objective of this work was to identify the presence of the resistance gene GES in strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Burkina Faso. Methods: During this study 39 strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporin and monobactam were collected in several samples and analyzed to determine the presence of the beta lactamase resistance gene Bla GES by classic PCR. Results: In the present study, resistant strains were observed in 21 E. coli and 18 K. pneumoniae. Among producers of ESBL isolates, the presence of the GES gene was detected up to 63% in E. coli and 37% in K pneumoniae. Conclusion:This study highlighted the presence of the GES gene in strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistant to oxyiminocephalosporin and monobactam in Burkina Faso. This highlights the presence of new ESBL in Burkina, which is of great interest for the proper care of patients and the control of resistance to antibiotics.

Background: Epidemiology of extended-Spectrum-β-lactamases has become worldwide, and our aim was to establish the prevalence of isolates producer in university hospital center Yalgado OUEDRAOGO particularly in reanimation and emergencies units. Material and methods: Prospective study was drive during July 2009 to march 2012 in order to collect strains resisting to third generation of cephalosporin during diagnosis analysis of biological specimens. Susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases has been investigated by double disc diffusion and kinetic methods.Results: 259 isolates which resisted at least to one of third generation of cephalosporins were collected. Among them 188 (72, 58 %) were positive to synergy test by a double disc diffusion method. The MICs of ceftriaxone determined by E-test were under than 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml et 256µg/ml for respect 81,57°/° ; 55,26°/° et 39,74°/° of isolates. Hydrolyze of β-lactam ring by bacterial extract followed at spectrophotometer showed speeds running at 0 to 0,090UAb.mn -1 for both isolates. Extract of 171 bacterial strains positives to synergy test had hydrolyzed at least one of oxy-iminocephalosporins and were identified as producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Spices reported by this study were 99 Escherichia Conclusion: This study showed that bacterial resistances by extended-spectrum β-lactamases are a reality in University Hospital center YalgadoOuedraogo. It calls about antibiotics prescription and hospital hygiene in order to reduce emergence and propagation of new resisting bacterial. Conclusion : Cette étude a montré que le péril BLSE est une réalité au CHU Yalgado OUEDRAOGO. Elle interpelle sur les mesures d'hygiène hospitalière et sur les mesures de prescription des antibiotiques.

Context: Genital infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) remain a real public health problem in the world predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine co-infection of HPV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG); Chlamydia trachomatis (CT); Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) among female sex workers in West Africa and to search antibiotics resistance genes. This study could serve as a support for the management of patients infected. Methods: The study took place in Ouagadougou in July 2019 and from June to July 2020. It was a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims. A total of 182 samples from sex workers of West and Central African origins, were analyzed by real-time PCR and resistance genes by classical PCR after DNA extraction. Data were entered and analyzed using the IBM SPSS software in its 21 version and Epi Info 6. Tables and figures were produced using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Chi-square and fischer tests were used for comparisons Epi info version 7. with a significant difference for p ˂ 0.05. Results: These women, who came from nine different countries, were aged 17–50 years with an average age of 27.12 ± 6.09 years and had an average of 415.9 ± 75.2 sexual partners per year. HPV and vaginosis co-infection (NG, CT, MG and TV) was 85%. The prevalence of bacteria was: NG 13.74%, CT 11.54% and MG 11.54%. Among the HPV co-infections the most common were HPV/NG (15%), HPV/MG (12%), and HPV/CT (8%). %). The antibiotic resistance genes identified are: bla QNR B 24%, bla GES 22%, bla SHV 17%, bla CTX−M 13%; bla QNR S 1%. Conclusions: This study showed that the majority of sex workers of West and Central African origin working in Ouagadougou were infected with multiple STIs. This confirms that the presence of genital infections and STIs remains a real public health problem. The scale of these infections and the detection of associated resistance genes require increased surveillance of the molecular epidemiology of these pathogens.

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