No abstract

Vibrio cholerae is a cause of serious endemic diarrhoea associated with cholera in many regions in the world. A total of 256 stool and rectal swabs were collected from patients suspected to have cholera admitted to three hospitals in Hillah, Babylon Governorate, Iraq, for the period 1 September to 29 December 2017. After the routine culture of samples for isolation and identification of V. cholerae isolates, PCR was performed for molecular detection of V. cholerae isolates based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Toxigenicity was detected by RTX toxin genes. PCR technique emphasized molecular detection of V. cholerae for eight isolates. Only two isolates (25%) possessed both the rtxA and rtxC genes, while only three isolates (37.5%) possessed the rtxB gene. DNA sequencing was performed for the eight isolates via analysis and phylogenetic tree. The observed bacterial variants were compared to their neighbour homologous reference sequences using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST server (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi ). The findings indicated that the eight investigated isolates of V. cholerae were positioned in three different phylogenetic positions. Partial sequence dissimilarities were reported between GenBank isolate accession number MK212155.1 and these six clustered GenBank accession numbers of the same species. For the first time in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, the molecular assay, sequencing and phylogenetic tree are reported for V. cholerae and their toxins isolated during the 2017 cholera outbreak.

200 different clinical samples were collected from patients with Burns infections, wound infections, urinary Tract Infections & diarrhea for a period from March to August, 2017. Total of 403 bacterial isolates were identified, the gram negative bacteria E.coli represented329 (48.9%). The percentages of E.coliisolatesare different depending on isolation sources, urinary Tract Infections have the highest rate of isolation (72.2%). Bacterial sensitivity against10different antibiotics were tested, all isolates showed full resistance againstPenicillins & Cephalosporins while they have high sensitivity for Nitrofurantion. The other antibiotics have different effects depending on the isolation sources. Natural Honey has high antibacterial activity for E.coliwithout any influence withisolation sources with MIC,15%. Antibacterial activity ofthe EthanolicExtracts (95%) for four plants: Allium sativum,Paganum harmala,Nigella sativum & Myrtus communs. All of this have high inhibitory effect onE.coliisolates without any influence of the isolation sources, but Allium sativum extract has the highest effect with inhibition zone diameters (20.1-32.0) mm.

Glycyrrhiza glabra roots contain high nutritive value and substantial medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antimalarial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyper glycemic activities. Plant samples were collected from Babylon governorate, Iraq. Confirmed classification of G. glabra and preparation of root extract were implemented in the laboratories of college pharmacy/university of Babylon. Various extracts and chemical compounds were obtained and the antimicrobial effects of G. glabra was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherishia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method and concentration range of 500-3000mg/mL. Results of the chemical analysis of G. glabra root extracts proved that the aqueous extract contained saponin, flavonoids, glycosides, but lacked alkaloids and phenols. The ethanolic extract contained tannins and terpenoids. All tested isolates were sensitive to both extracts at concentration of 3000 mg/ml. S. aureus and E. coli showed higher sensitivity, maximum effective inhibition for G. glabra aqueous extract was found against S.aureus, whereby the minimum inhibition was recorded against P. aeruginosa. Regarding G. glabra alcoholic extracts, the highest effect was noticed against P. aeruginosa, while the lowest effect was noticed on C.albicans.