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This experiment was conducted to study the effect of using biological treatment by (Trichoderma reesei), to reduce the content of antinutritional factors in watermelon vines and improvement their nutritive value and the possibility of using it in animal nutrition and its effect on productive performance of growing lambs. Fifty male Barki lambs at 6 to 8 months of age with an average live body weight 24.49 ±0.2 Kg were divided into five similar groups according to their live body weight (10 lambs for each). They were randomly assigned to receive the five experimental rations where control group was fed 50% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) plus 50% berseem hay (BH ) on dry DM basis (R1) and the other four groups R2, R3, R4 and R5 were fed rations containing 25 or 50 % untreated watermelon vines hay (WMVH) and treated with Trichoderma reesei fungi (WMVF), respectively. Animals were fed the five respective rations in groups. The growth experiment lasted for sex months. Results showed that degradation of antinutritional factors was more efficient when WMV hay biologically treated with fungi (Trichoderma reesei). The values of antinutritional factors of the watermelon vines reduced as follows: total phénols by 53.43%, total tannins 71.38%, saponins 63.67%, alkaloids 44.02% and flavonoids 16.98%, compared with untreated vines. Control ration (R1) and the tested ration (R4) had higher DM intake than the other tested ones (R2, R3 and R5), being ration R3 had the lowest value. Animal fed R4 showed more soluble, degradable, less undegradable fractions and more effective degradability. The values of final body weight, total body weight gain and daily gain were significant lower for tested rations R2, R3 and R5 than those of control one (R1), while the tested ration R4 was similar in these values with those of control one, being the highest values among all tested rations. The feed conversion as (g DMI/g gain) was worse with all tested rations related to that of control one, whereas R4 had the best feed conversion value among all tested ones. The values of feed conversion recorded 6.93 and 7.05 for R1 & R4 and 8.22 & 8.73 for R2 and R5, respectively, while the worst value was recorded with R3 (8.96). The feed cost was decreased by 11.98 and 25.62 for R2 & R3 (rations which contained 25 or 50% untreated watermelon vines) and 11.78 & 24.59 for R4 and R5 (rations which contained 25 or 50% watermelon vines treated with fungi) respectively, compared with the figure of control one (R1). The economic efficiency improved by 23.64% for R4 compared with control group (R1) and the other tested rations (R2, R3 and R5). The results could be indicated the possibility of introducing biologically treated watermelon vines with fungi in growing lambs rations up to 25% (i.e. 50% in replacing of berseem hay) to reduce the feed costs without harmful effects on their performance and health.

The effects of exogenous lysozyme supplementation (LYZ) on growth performance, caecal fermentation and microbiota, and blood characteristics were investigated in growing rabbits. A total of 420 growing male V-Line rabbits (30 d old; weighing 528 ± 16 g) were randomly divided into four groups of 105 rabbits each, and monitored for 42 days. Experimental groups included a control group (LYZ0) fed a basal diet without LYZ supplementation, and three treated groups fed the same basal diet supplemented with LYZ at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively. The results showed a quadratic improvement in the final body weight, daily growth rate, FCR, and digestibility of DM, while the digestibility of OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF improved linearly when LYZ supplementation was increased. The dressing percentage increased quadratically when LYZ levels were increased in the rabbit diets. In rabbits fed LYZ diets, L. acidophilus counts increased linearly (p < 0.05) and L. cellobiosus, and Enterococcus sp. counts increased quadratically, whereas E. coli counts decreased. In the LYZ-supplemented groups, the caecal pH value and NH3-N concentration declined quadratically, whereas total VFA, acetic, and butyric acids increased. Total lipids decreased linearly, whilst triglycerides and cholesterol decreased quadratically with LYZ supplementation. Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase increased quadratically, while malondialdehyde decreased linearly in the LYZ-supplemented groups. In conclusion, exogenous lysozyme administration improved rabbit growth performance and antioxidant status while lowering the blood lipid profile, altering the bacterial population, and regulating caecal fermentation. Therefore, LYZ up to 150 mg/kg can be used as a potential supplement in rabbit feed.

eventy-two mature New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit's bucks were randomly and equally divided into eight groups each of nine bucks to evaluate the impact each of rocket seeds (RS), carrot seeds (CS), or bay laurel leaves (BLL) and their mixtures on semen quality, biochemical components and the physiological response of NZW rabbits bucks during hot summer conditions. The study started in June and lasted for 8 weeks. Eight experimental diets were formulated such that diet (D1) free additives as a control group. Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 1.0% RS, 1.0% CS and 1.0% BLL, respectively. Diet 5, 6 and 7 contained a mix of 0.5% RS+0.5% CS, 0.5% CS+0.5% BLL and 0.5% RS+0.5% BLL, respectively, while diet 8 contained 0.33% RS+0.33% CS+0.33% BLL. Insignificant effect on buck's body weight, however, feed intake was significantly increased as compared to bucks group given the control diet. Supplementation with RS, CS, BLL, and their mixtures caused significant improvement in ejaculate volume, individual motility, total motile sperm, sperm concentration, live sperm%, total functional sperm fraction, total sperm output, and decreased abnormal sperm%. Seminal plasma initial fructose and globulin increased significantly with RS, CS, BLL, and their mixtures treatments. Seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) appeared reduction significantly with the RS, CS, BLL and their mixtures treatments. Seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased, while, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly decreased in all supplemented groups compared with the control bucks' value. Most of the supplemented groups showed a significant decrease in blood plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids, low-density lipoproteins, AST and ALT as compared to the control group. However, blood plasma total protein and albumin were increased in comparison with the control group. Blood plasma TAC significantly increased due to the addition of RS, CS, BLL, and their mixtures as compared to the control group, but MDA levels decreased.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding two levels of Rumi live yeast (RLY), which is a commercial probiotic containing yeast on productive performance of Rahmany lambs. Twenty-one Rahmany lambs after weaning at three months of age with an average live body weight of 19.33±0.2 Kg were assigned to three groups according to live body weight (7 lambs each). They were randomly assigned to the three experimental diets. The control group was fed 35% corn silage and 65% concentrate feed mixture on DM basis, without Rumi live yeast addition (R1, control). The other two groups were fed the same control ration along with 3 and 5g RLY/ head/day (R2 and R3, respectively). Addition of RLY significantly (P<0.05) increased average daily gain, all nutrients digestibility, digestibility of cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose) and improved feeding values (TDN and DCP%) and feed conversion. Blood constituents were generally normal in all experimental groups, however, blood plasma total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly (P<0.05) higher for animals fed 3 or 5gm RLY additives rations. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) improved for lambs fed rations contained 3 or 5g RLY and the effect on daily gain was more pronounced with increasing the levels of RLY compared with the control ration. Results of growth performance showed that there were improvements with respect to total body gain and average daily gain in groups R2 and R3. Also, the best feed and relative economic efficiency were achieved by group fed 5g/h/d yeast followed by group fed 3 g/h/d yeast and the lowest was recorded with control ration. It was concluded that adding 3 or 5g of RLY to rations of growing Rahmany lambs improved their performance, digestibility, average daily gain and feed conversion and the best results were achieved with 5g/h/d supplementation level of RLY.

This study was conducted to assay the using of non-conventional energy sources on chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, cell wall constituents, nutritive value and productive performance of growing Rahmani lambs. Twelve Rahmani lambs with average body weight 22.60±0.20 kg and 4 months old were used in this study for 120 days. Lambs were distributed into two similar groups (6 lambs each) and randomly assigned to two experimental rations. The two respective rations composed of R 1 (control) contained 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM)+40% rice straws(RS). While, R 2 consisted of 55% CFM + 40% RS + 5% corn steep liquor (CSL).The digestibility and nutritive values of experimental rations were determined using six adult Rahmani rams. Rumen liquor and blood samples were collected at the end of collection period. The results showed that nutrient digestibility and feeding values were higher (P<0.05) for rations R 2. The highest values of TDN and DCP were observed R 2. Digestibility of cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose) were improved by treatment. Blood constituents were generally normal in all experimental groups. Growth performance e.g. total body weight gain and average daily gain was improved in R 2. The same trend was observed for feed conversion and economic efficiency and the best values were recoded with R 2. It could be concluded that addition of CSL to ration of growing Rahmani lambs could improve their productive performance and economic feed efficiency.

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