The results of this study suggest a potential difference in OHRQoL of Quebec rural and urban populations, and a need to develop strategies to promote oral health outcomes, specifically for rural residents. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Background and aims Despite the high incidence rate of dental trauma and its possible devastating physical and psychological consequences on children, little is known about sport‐related dental trauma and its prevention and management among Libyan sports coaches. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of Benghazi contact sports coaches regarding sport‐related dental trauma and its prevention and management. Methods A cross‐sectional study design was used. Two hundred and thirty‐one contact sports coaches were recruited from different public and private youth sports centers across Benghazi. The data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire translated into Arabic and piloted to evaluate its validity and clarity. In addition, Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and χ 2 tests were used to check associations between the variables. Results A total of 151 contact sports coaches returned a completed questionnaire; the majority of coaches (74%) have seen orofacial injuries during their coaching career, whereas less than half of them (47%) personally experienced these injuries. Only one participant said he would preserve the tooth in milk, and four indicated that they would replant it. Most coaches (89.4%) knew what a mouthguard is, but 53.6% would recommend its use, and these were more likely to have previously used mouthguards ( p ≤ 0.001). About 41.1% received previous training on TDIs‐related emergencies. Higher knowledge scores were observed among coaches who previously received training ( p = 0.023). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate low awareness of how to manage and prevent orofacial injuries among Libyan contact sports coaches, even though they commonly encounter these injuries and believe in mouthguards' effectiveness. Previous training on managing emergencies and experience appeared to influence the coaches' knowledge. Training coaches on preventing TDIs and their early management in sports fields should be an implemented policy and a prerequisite to obtaining a training license.

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Necrotizing enterocolitis is a devastating emergency, multifactorial disease. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are serine protease inhibitors involved in many physiological and pathological activities.Aim: this study was designed in order to assess the value of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in predicting and improving accuracy of diagnosis of NEC in newborn infants with non- precise abdominal and intestinal manifestations.Materials and Methods. This study was prospective longitudinal research that included 80 newborn infants presented with non-specific abdominal manifestations. Infants were divided into two groups. Group A; infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis, they had stage ΙΙ or III necrotizing enterocolitis according to modified Bell’s criteria. Group B; included infants who did not develop necrotizing enterocolitis. Serum inter alpha inhibitor proteins level was measured by ELISA.Results. In necrotizing enterocolitis group, the median inter-alpha inhibitor protein level was (9.38 mg/L), this was significantly lower than non-necrotizing enterocolitis group (44.40 mg/L), P was <0.01. Inter-alpha inhibitor protein was reduced in stage IA than stage IIIB. Inter-alpha inhibitor protein values were decreased in preterm and full term infants with sensitivity of 98 % and specificity of 96% at cutoff <19.42 and < 19.96 mg/L. The cut off in non-survival cases was >13.29 mg/L with sensitivity of 53.33 % and specificity of 92.31%.Conclusion. Inter-alpha inhibitor protein levels were reduced in full term and preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, consequently it may improve diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn infants. It has prognostic value and correlate with severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. It might predict non-survival cases.

As part of an overall research program concerning the broader aspects of policy development, in relation to liquid waste disposal in a developing nation, the need was identified to characterize the liquid wastes themselves. Only then can options be considered for disposal in relation to policy implementation and outcomes. This paper presents the results from the investigation of one of these liquid waste streams, that of sullage disposal in an Egyptian village. Results are presented for the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste together with the physical characteristics of the households and the socio-economic characteristics of the inhabitants. Various relationships are investigated and the degree of pollution in relation to the environmental health of the populace is determined. IntroductionIn rural Egypt, as in many of the developing areas of the world, the standard of sanitation is very poor resulting, in many cases, in appalling living conditions within communities. The existence of adequate and safe sanitary waste water collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal facilities in such areas is virtually unknown. Today the problem is amplified by the steady increase in potable water house connections. While this is widely associated with health improvements (Jackson et al. 1989), it inevitably leads to an increase in water usage and ultimately an increase in domestic waste water. Consequently there is an urgent need to find appropriate solutions, which are both economically and technically feasible for Egypt, and other developing countries, to convey and treat the waste, reduce the health hazards and improve the overall environmental conditions of the rural population.To do this successfully requires good planning and forethought which in turn should be based on national policy, developed specifically for the sector. Policy development and analysis for liquid waste disposal in the rural areas was, therefore, identified as an urgent requirement. Research is currently underway, with the aim of producing a suitable dynamic model for local planners and decision makers. During the preliminary stage of this work it became evident that in order to input solutions, for implementation, into the policy model the liquid waste streams must be characterized.