Oligochaete worms collected in late March and early April 2005 from 3 freshwater biotopes in Syria were surveyed over an 11 wk period for myxosporean parasites (Myxozoa). Three types of novel actinospore stages were identified from 1 host species, Psammoryctides albicola. A hexactinomyxon was found in 6 P. albicola (7.5%) collected from a branch of the River Orontes, north of the city of Hama. A triactinomyxon and an endocapsa were found in single P. albicola specimens from the Al-Thaurah region of the Euphrates River (Lake Assad). No oligochaetes collected from Al-Ghab fish farm (Orontes region) released actinospores during the observation period. The present study is the first description of myxosporeans, including actinospore stages, from Syria. The 3 types described herein differ morphologically and molecularly (18S rDNA) from published records.KEY WORDS: Myxozoa · Hexactinomyxon · Triactinomyxon · Endocapsa · Psammoryctides albicola · Orontes River · Euphrates River · Syria Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 74: [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137] 2007 individually into wells of 24 or 48 cell-well plates (as described by Yokoyama et al. 1991). The water layer above each oligochaete was then examined daily by stereo microscope for 3 d for the presence of released actinospores. After 7 d (Euphrates material) and 10 d (Orontes material) the live oligochaetes were relocated to our laboratory in Hungary in plastic tubes, and again placed into cell-well plates and monitored for actinospore release for a further 10 wk.When examination indicated spore release, the water from a positive well was examined on a slide by light microscopy at high magnification and microphotographs were taken of spores using an Olympus BH-2 compound microscope equipped with a DP-10 digital camera. Subsequently, actinospores were drawn and measured, and their characters recorded according to the guidelines suggested by Lom et al. (1997). To determine the dimensions of hexactinomyxons, measurements of 20 mature spores from several hosts were averaged. Because of the limited number of triactinomyxon and endocapsa spores, only 3 mature spores for each were averaged. A sample of the released actinospores was fixed in 80% ethanol and sent to Oregon State University (OSU), USA, for molecular analyses.Host identification. Representative oligochaetes from the 2 biotopes where infected worms were found were fixed in 80% ethanol and identified in Estonia by Tarmo Timm (see Timm 1997).Histological analyses. Histological sections were made only from hexactinomyxon-infected oligochaetes. Heavily infected live oligochaetes were selected under a light microscope, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraplastwax. Five µm thick sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and photomicrographed. Molecular analyses.The ethanolfixed samples were spun for 3 min at 14 000 rpm (20 000 × g) to pellet the actinospores, the ethanol was removed, the sam...
Four different species of the genus Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 were recorded for the first time from Mugil cephalus in Syrian coast. Myxobolus episquamalis was identified as infecting scales and caudal fins, in prevalence 4.12%. Myxobolus ichkeulensis was found in the gill archesand the base of gill filaments, in prevalence 9.15%. Myxobolus raibauti was found in liver andgonadsin prevalence 24.77% while Myxobolus spinacurvatura wasidentified as infecting mesentery and mesenteric vesselsin prevalence 22.62%. Myxobolus raibauti and Myxobolus spinacurvatura recorded the highest level of infection during winter, while Myxobolus ichkeulensis and Myxobolus episquamalis recorded the highest level of infection during spring and summer.
During a survey on Myxobolus infection of pond-cultured common carp in Syria three Myxobolus spp. were found. Myxobolus dispar infected the gill arteries, forming large elongated plasmodia in the gill filaments. The plasmodia of M. basilamellaris were located in the gill arches at the base of the filaments. Elongated filiform plasmodia of M. encephalicus were found in the blood vessels of the brain. Despite the common occurrence of the above parasites, no disease symptoms were observed in the infected fish specimens. This is the first report on myxosporean infection of fish from Syrian waters.
This study aims to identify the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Tartous governorate, due to the increase in the number of infections in the governorate during the period (2012-2016). The recorded data on TB cases at the Department of Communicable Diseases were adopted for the study using statistical analysis to assess the situation of tuberculosis, taking into account the different variables (agegender-type of tuberculosis-places of infection in the center of the province and its country sides-treatment protocols). The study included 741 cases, more than half of the cases (411 cases, 55.5%) were pulmonary tuberculosis, both open and closed. The results showed an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis due to the absence of awareness campaigns and the migration of the population during the crisis to the province of Tartous, the decline in the level of income and low immunization level as a result of increasing cases of malnutrition. Thus, further studies are recommended in order to detect the spread of lymphatic, bronchial and polypathy.
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