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Background: Menopause is a normal physiological process of cessation of menses in women.During menopausal period women can experience many symptoms. These symptoms can be severe enough to affect their quality of life (QOL). The characteristics of rural women can affect the manifestations and treatment of their health problems. Aim of the study: to assess the relation between menopausal symptoms among rural women and their quality of life. Subjects and Method: Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design. Setting: The Rural Health Unit of Ceber bay rural village in Tanta city. Subjects: A convenient sample of 400 menopausal women who experienced stop of menstrual cycle for at least 12 months and free from chronic diseases. Tools of the study: Three tools were used by to obtain the necessary data for this study. Tool I: A structured interview schedule: which included two parts: Part (1): Socio demographic characteristics of menopausal women, Part (2): Obstetrical history of menopausal women. Tool II: Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) questionnaire. Tool III: World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL BREF). Results: Less than half (48%)of rural menopausal women had a moderate menopausal symptom and more than one-quarter (27.3%) of them had a mild symptom. About one-quarter (24.7%) of them had a severe symptom. More than half (52.0%) of the studied menopausal rural women had a good quality of life and less than one-half (47.4%) of them had fair level of quality of life. Conclusion: The QOL of menopausal rural women is affected by their menopausal symptoms where a negative high significant correlation was found between the total score of menopausal rating scale of the studied menopausal rural women and the total score of their QOL. Recommendations: Develop specific health educational programs aimed to improving the quality of life of menopausal rural women and management of their problems and complains.

Child labor is alarmingly prevalent in Egypt .Child agricultural workers are at a greater risk than adult workers. Furthermore, occupational hazards and work conditions may have permanent effects on the growth and development of children.Several public health strategic interventions are required for effective prevention and control of child labor in agriculture. Aim of the study: to assess the knowledge of preparatory school students working in agriculture about work hazards. Material and Methods: this study was conducted in five preparatory governmental schools (including both sexes) at five villages affiliated to Kafer ELzayat city Gharbia Governorate, Egypt as a representative of rural environment. Tool: A structured questionnaire sheet was developed and used by the researcher; it included data regarding socio-demographic data related to the students, past working experience of the child, previous complaints, history of hazards, safety and protective measures and knowledge of students about agriculture work hazards. Results: most of the studied students' source of information was from their parents and family and the majority of studied students had poor total knowledge score regarding the agriculture hazards. Conclusion and recommendations:The present study revealed that, the majority of studied students identified the elements of different agriculture hazards but had lack of knowledge regarding its health effects. It is recommended that the working children should receive full information and training from their employers about occupational hazards related to agricultural work. Such training should be conducted regularly and be understandable by children.

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Adolescence is the most important and sensitive period of one's life. Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the scientific facts and hygienic health practices, which sometimes result in adverse health outcomes. So learning about menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of educational intervention on the practice of menstrual hygiene among rural adolescent students in El-Mehala El-Kobra villages in Gharbia governorate. A quasi-experimental study was used. The study was conducted in five villages with preparatory schools selected by purposive random sample technique. The preparatory schools in each village were included in the study. The study sample comprised one class of third grade in each preparatory school in the previous setting. The total number of girl students was 183. Two tools were developed to obtain the necessary data:-Tool (I) A questionnaire sheet, and tool (II) Assessment of facilities for menstrual hygiene at schools and homes. The age of the study sample ranged from 13-16 years, with a mean of14.55±0.55 years. More than half of them (53%) their duration of menstruation ranged from 3-5 days and more than half of them (54.1%) their family size were 5-6 members. Mothers were the most (90.1%) common preferred sources of information about menstruation and menstrual hygiene. Regarding menstrual hygiene practices (54%) weren't bathing during menstrual period , all of the girls reported that they used pads during menstruation period , more than half of them changed pads twice daily and (56.8) of them kept pads in special places. There were significant improvement in the score of knowledge and practices among study sample regarding menstrual hygiene pre, immediate and 3 months post-program (f=.194.26*, p=0.0001* and f= 162.14*,p= 0.0001* respectively). It can conclude from this study that the health education program was effective and have positive effects on the menstrual knowledge and practice of rural adolescent students. Mothers were the most important source of information about menstruation and menstrual hygiene of rural adolescent students. The study recommended that implementing educational program among elementary, preparatory, and secondary schools about menstrual hygiene for improving students' menstrual knowledge and to encourage safe and hygienic practices among the adolescent girls and bring them out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions and restrictions regarding menstruation. Also it is important that nurses participate in public health awareness program to create better awareness among adolescents. Such initiative would make adolescents population self sufficient to manage their health and wellbeing.