Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been in the manufacturing industry for more than a decade. It has aided in producing several intricate objects for several purposes. One of the most used techniques in AM is fused deposition modeling (FDM) wherein a plastic filament is heated to its melting point and deposited layer by layer in a build plate to form a 3D model. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is one of the commonly used filaments because of its relatively good impact resistance and toughness, and workability in 3D printing various structures. The gyroid structure is a self-supporting structure that has a good strength-to-weight ratio. The compressive strength of single and multiple-layered structures of ABS gyroid lattice structure with different line widths, infill densities, and wall counts was observed. A 0.35 line width with an infill density of 25% and wall count of 3 has a compressive strength of 11.94 MPa, material consumption of 1.87 grams, and printing time of 14 min which makes it the most efficient design for single-layered structures. Among three-layered structures, the combination of infill densities of 25% and 35% is the most efficient with 0.45 line width and 3 walls. It has a compressive strength of 15.87 MPa, printing time of 13 min, and material consumption of 2.3 grams. Nowadays, there are limited research articles on AM of a single structure with gradual varying densities as well as the effect of lesser-known printing parameters on the mechanical properties of AM parts. This study aims to aid future research by providing data on single and functionally graded structures with different line widths and wall counts. With the information from this study, future researchers and designers can further optimize printing parameters to make an efficient design that is light and has sufficient mechanical strength to serve a specific function.
Polypropylene (PP) is a promising material for extrusion-based additive manufacturing due to its low cost, chemical resistance, good mechanical properties, versatile, and can be applied in various industrial applications. Recent research has focused on addressing the warpage issue in 3D printing of PP filaments. The effect of environmental conditions and loading of nanoprecipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) in the pristine polypropylene to decrease warpage using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printing technology was studied. PP-NPCC composite filaments containing 5, 10, and 15 NPCC (wt%) were prepared using the twin-screw extruder. The printability, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of the PP-NPCC blends were determined. Based on the results, the incorporation of NPCC has contributed to the improvement of 3D printability and warpage in the PP-NPCC composite. At controlled environmental conditions, the filament was printable and the warpage was decreased by 44% at 10% NPCC loading. At the same concentration, there was a 30% increase in compressive strength and 43% increase in elastic modulus of the 3D printed parts.
This research involved the development of membranes with local raw materials to suit water and wastewater treatment applications. Indigenous montmorillonite clay was surface modified with dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride to be used as functional additive in polymeric membranes. Polysulfone (PSf) pellets were dissolved in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) and organomodified-montmorillonite (OMMT) or nanoclay was incorporated at varying concentrations up to 1.00%. Casting solutions were vacuum-mixed and degassed using a planetary mixer then casted using MEMCAST™ to produce flat sheet membranes. Characterizations include X-Ray Diffractometry, Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and contact angle measurement. The exfoliation of OMMT platelet structures within the PSf matrix at 1.00% loading showed improved surface roughness and more porous morphology. Improved surface roughness was observed with an increasing value as a function of increasing OMMT concentration. Meanwhile, the morphology of the nanocomposite membranes showed three distinct layers: dense skin layer, porous finger-like layer, and sponge-like structured layer. Moreover, the contact angle of the membranes decreased by 13.7% with 1.00% addition. This enhancement in hydrophilicity could affect properties like permeate flux and membrane fouling, which could play an important role in the functional performance of synthesized membranes with nanoclay additives. One-way ANOVA revealed that the change in OMMT concentration has significant effect on the surface roughness and contact angles of the membranes at 95% confidence level.
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