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DNA-protein cross-links and thymidine dimer are special types of DNA damages that formed when DNA exposed to many inducers as UV irradiations. Anthocyanins are members of phytochemicals found in many plants including Hibiscus sabdariffa. It was reported that anthocyanins protect DNA from UV-induced damages. Here we investigate the role of autophagy induced by anthocyanins in protection of UVB-induced DNAprotein cross-links and thymidine dimer in HepG2 cells. Cells were treated either with anthocyanins, Rapamycin, or combination of anthocyanins and Bafilomycin A1 or anthocyanins and 3-methyladenine for 24 h and then subjected to 0.36 J/cm 2 UVB irradiation. The results revealed that anthocyanins induce autophagy formation as detected by acridine orange pH dependent green to red (G/R) color shifting. To investigate the role of anthocyanins-induced autophagy on DNA-protein cross-links and thymidine dimer formation after UVB exposure, electrophoresis of protein covalently linked to DNA or thymidine dimer dot plot analysis of DNA were carried out. It was found that anthocyanins treated cells have reduced DNA-protein cross-links and thymidine dimer compared with the anthocyanins untreated cells. Treatment of cells with autophagy inhibitors Bafilomycin A1 or 3-Eman A. Mohamed et al.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a strong hepatotoxin that is commonly used to induce experimental liver injury to investigate a substance's potential hepatoprotective effects. Plantago ovata husk (PSH) contains a variety of primary and secondary metabolites, as well as a number of bioactive compounds that have strong antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to determine whether PSH powder could protect and treat adult male albino rats' livers from CCl4-induced damage. Five groups were created: A: (Control group) received nothing. Oil was administered in B (Oil treated group). C: (CCl4 treated) group. D: (PS+CCl4) treated group, which received daily PSH for six weeks and CCl4 for four weeks. E: (CCl4+PS) treated group, after giving them CCl4, they received daily PSH. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were carried out. Homogenized liver samples were analyzed for antioxidant enzymes; statistical analysis was performed. The intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 resulted in a significant rise in SOD, GPx, and MDA, as well as various lesions in hepatocytes, including cytoplasmic vacuolations, leukocyte infiltration, necrosis, collagen deposition, and a high level of caspase-3. Treatment by PSH in both groups ameliorated the effect of CCl4 on decreasing antioxidant enzymes. PSH in the PS+CCl4 group showed nearly normal histological structure of the liver, collagen deposition, and Caspase-3 levels. It could be concluded that PSH powder acts as a strong antioxidant that can be used in daily life for protection and curation from liver diseases.

Background: Stem cells (SCs) from adipose tissue are being studied as part of regenerative medicine and used in vitro tissue engineering. Aim: The study goal was to highlight the modifications of fragmented adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) on human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) by inducing cell death (either apoptosis or necrosis). Materials and Methods: This study explains the methods of isolating, identifying, and characterization of fragmented frozen AD-MSCs. Also, investigate the phenotype of AD-MSCs culturing cells obtained in Passage 3 using CD105 & CD90 as positive markers and CD45 as a negative marker. Two Hepatoma cell line (HCC) cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640/10%. The viability and apoptosis of the HCC cell line were evaluated by MTT and AO/EB methods, respectively. Results: Showed that, compared to CD45, the percentages of brown dots in the AD-MSC nucleus and cytoplasm increased for CD105 and CD90. HepG2 and Huh7 cells' growth and apoptosis were affected by the perceived seeding of fragmented AD-MSCs. Also, increasing the fragmented AD-MSC concentration (from 1:15 μl for 24 h to 1:30 μl for 48 h) in vitro decreased HCC cell line viability, in which Mona M. Atia etal., 74

Background: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) can be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with HCC Aim: The study aimed to establish an animal model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in a short time. Materials and Methods: Forty-five female rats were subdivided into three groups: control (G1), HCC model (G2), and therapeutic (G3). Each rat in the G2 groups was injected with DEN and after 1 week was injected again with CCl4, whereas G3 rats were injected with AD-MSCs immediately after the tumor appeared. Results: The injection of DEN/CCl4 was correlated with the increase in alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Also, it caused oxidative stress as indicated by an increase in nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), vascular endothelial growth factor levels, and fibrosis. However, BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) was decreased. Transplantation of AD-MSCs induced apoptosis by increasing BAX and decreasing Nrf2 levels, which significantly inhibited angiogenesis. Histologically, our results indicated that AD-MSCs alleviated hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrosis, and nuclear morphology. Additionally, the bone marrow (BM) maturation index ratio parameter was restored to a normal stage. Conclusion: AD-MSCs have a wide range of targeted anticarcinogenic properties and can regenerate BM precursors of cellularity.