Abstract Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries and has been classified into two groups, type 1 and type 2.  Type 1 or endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECA) accounts for 80% of EC and are thought to develop following a continuum of premalignant lesions ranging from endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (EH) and atypical hyperplasia (AH). PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a tumor suppressor gene is commonly inactivated in 83 % of endometrioid carcinoma and 55% of precancerous lesions. Cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulator is overexpressed in about 40% of endometrial carcinomas. Aim: To study the expression of PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) and Cyclin D1 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic endometrial lesions by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: A 2 year cross-sectional study (September 2017 to August 2019) on 115 endometrial samples was done in the Department of Pathology, RIMS. Histomorphological features and IHC expression of PTEN and Cyclin D1 in the various endometrial lesions were studied and evaluated, data collected in IBM SPSS Statistics 21 was statistically analyzed using Chi - square  and Fisher’s Exact test. Results: Out of the 115 cases, 47(40.9%) were diagnosed as benign proliferative endometrium, 20(17.4%) benign secretory endometrium, 21(18.3%) hyperplasia without atypia, 15(13.0%)  atypical hyperplasia and 12(10.4%) endometrial carcinoma with an age group spanning from 26-68 years (mean age = 46.4).  Following IHC staining, 91.7%(11/12) and 83.3%(10/12) cases of EC and 80%(12/15) and 73.3%(11/15) cases of AH showed complete loss of PTEN expression and Cyclin D1 overexpression, respectively when compared to other benign lesions and was statistically significant  (p < .001). Conclusion: Loss of PTEN and Cyclin D1 overexpression was seen in a significant number of EECA and AH, suggesting both as an early event in endometrial carcinogenesis. Therefore, we propose the use of PTEN and Cyclin D1 immunostaining as an adjunct to histopathological diagnosis as it may be informative in the identification and further management of  premalignant endometrial  lesions that are likely to progress to carcinoma Keywords: PTEN, Cyclin D1, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial carcinoma, endometrioid endometrial carcinomas.

Background: Renal diseases are an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Nephrectomy is a common surgical procedure done in neoplastic as well as many non- neoplastic conditions affecting the kidney. It is performed in a wide range of clinical conditions that leads to irreversible kidney damage like chronic infections, obstruction, calculus disease, severe traumatic injury, pyelonephritis, nephrosclerosis and renal cell carcinoma. In a developing country like ours chronic pyelonephritis and its variants still continue to be the leading cause of nephrectomies. ToObjective : determine the frequency of occurrence of different histomorphological kidney lesions observed in Nephrectomy specimens over a period of ve years in a tertiary care center. A hospital based ve-year study (Jan 2017 to March 2022) that included 93 cases of NephrectomyMethods : specimens received in the Department of Pathology, RIMS was taken into consideration. The gross and the microscopic ndings were studied for determining the relative frequency and spectrum of different lesions affecting the kidney. Out of 93 nephrectomy specimens, 83 (89.2%)Results : were non neoplastic and 10 (10.8%) were neoplastic cases. Out of the 83 non neoplastic cases 75 (90.3%) were of chronic pyelonephritis and out of the 10 neoplastic cases 8 (80%) were of clear cell RCC and 2 (20%) were papillary urothelial carcinoma (renal pelvis). The neoplastic cases were seen equally in both the genders. The females (67.7%) were more commonly affected then the males (32.3%). The peak age range was between 51- 60 (26.9%) years. Right sided (59.1%) lesions were more common than the left side (40.9%). 35 cases (46.7%) were associated with nephrolithiasis. Chronic pyelonephritis is the most common non neoplastic lesion affecting the kidney which in its early stage is aConclusions: treatable cause for which nephrectomy could be prevented. Therefore, a better insight of the various etiologies needs to be further studied which will help in better patient management.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 which was rst recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Patient of COVID-19 presents with wide range of hemostatic abnormalities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pattern of the hematological parameters in COVID-19 patients. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology, RIMS, Imphal from May 2020 to May 2021. Total of 594 COVID-19 positive cases were included, data collected in IBM SPSS Statistics 21 was statistically analysed. Results:Among the 594 patients, 366 (61.6%) were male, 228 (38.4%) female with an age range of 1 to 90 years(Mean±SE, 44.21±18.52). COVID -19 was most common in the age group of 21-30 years and 31-40 years. Low hemoglobin was seen in 191 cases(32.2%), lymphopenia in 217 cases(36.5%), leukocytosis in 163 cases(27.4%) and thrombocytopenia in 160 cases(26.9%). Conclusion: Lymphopenia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, decreased hemoglobin and thrombocytopenia were common ndings in Covid-19 patients with a male predominance.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a syndrome characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological abnormalities, fever and renal dysfunction. Early clinical suspicion and presumptive diagnosis of TTP helps in timely initiation of treatment modalities specic for TTP which may prove to be lifesaving and thus augment in reducing the mortality rate of TTP which is estimated to be 80 – 90 % if left untreated. We report a case of a known case of multiple myeloma who developed TTP which proved fatal despite plasmapheresis. Signicant autopsy ndings of presence of microthrombi in the microvasculature of multiple organs is also highlighted.