Abstract:The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, µKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
The biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, MDA, and uric acid levels were investigated for the assessment of stress-induced dysfunction after immobilization stress on the Swiss albino mice. Stress induction caused the elevation of SGOT (7.7 ± 0.2 vs 88.8 ± 0.3; control vs stress), SGPT (10.3 ± 0.5 vs 110.5 ± 5.2), MDA (3.9 ± 0.2 vs 9.4 ± 0.2 in the serum and 4.0 ± 0.3 vs 13.9 ± 0.2 in brain; control vs stress) and uric acid (7.0 ± 0.1 vs 17.2 ± 0.3; control vs stress) levels in the serum. Histopathology of the liver, kidney heart and lung were also examined, and morphology indicated the degradation of each of the organ by the stress induction. The bark of Loranthus globosus was extracted with methanol and then fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CF) and ethyl acetate (EA). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavanoids and phenolics in all fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assays using total antioxidant capacity and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity. The results demonstrated that among all the extractives of L. globosus EA fraction exhibited highest total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The EA fraction of L. globosus (12 mg/kg b. w.) successfully reduced the increased biochemical parameters (stress vs stress + EAF); SGOT (88.8 ± 0.3 vs 9.9 ± 0.9), SGPT (110.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA (9.5 ± 0.2 vs 5.5 ± 0.1 in the serum; and 13.9 ± 0.2 vs 7.5 ± 0.2 in the brain) and serum uric acid (17.2 ± 0.3 vs 8.9 ± 0.1) on stress-induced mice. Histopathological analysis also supported the beneficial effects of EA fraction of L. globosus. Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg b. w.) was used as standard drug. The results suggested that the EA fraction of L. globosus might have some beneficial effects in preventing stress-induced organ dysfunction presumably through the neutralization of oxidative-stress generated during immobilization of mice. However, further study is necessary in order to precisely determine the exact molecular mechanisms.
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