Gender-Based Violence and Border: Central American Migrants in Mexico heading to the US This text analyses the case of Central American migration in and through Mexico from an anthropological perspective and a feminist analysis applied to recent proposals on migration and mobility regimes. It seeks to reformulate traditional research questions that present the role of criminal violence as a causal meta-narrative that hides the role of sexual and genderbased violence in the migration of Central American women, and in doing so, it hides women's agency in migration. The main contribution of this work is the feminist and gender analysis centred on ethnographic data obtained through fieldwork and the realisation of more than 50 in-depth interviews with Central American migrants, activists of feminist and migrant organisations, and politicians in Puebla (Mexico) in 2016 and 2017, a Mexican state located between the southern border and Mexico City that plays a central but unknown role in the transit of Central American migration.
This article looks beyond the explanation of retur-ning Ecuadorian migrants in the light of the impact of
RESUMENEl artículo analiza el retorno, en el marco de la arti-culación de las estrategias de movilidad e inmovili-dad y de las relaciones sociales y culturales de gé-nero e intergeneracionales de los hogares transna-cionales. Aborda cómo la migración de mujeres y el retorno están estrechamente vinculados al rol feme-nino de las mujeres en tanto cuidadoras, mientras que el retorno de los hombres está muchas veces condicionado por la crisis de las masculinidades, derivada de la pérdida de su rol como "ganapán". Concluye que el retorno no puede entenderse sólo como un viaje de vuelta, sino como un continuum de movilidades, enmarcado por las ideologías de géne-ro sobre los roles femeninos y masculinos, así como por las estrategias intergeneracionales desplega-das en el espacio transnacional. El estudio se basa en la explotación de los datos empíricos obtenidos en un trabajo de campo cualitativo multi-situado (España, Ecuador), llevado a cabo con familias ecuatorianas transnacionales.
The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between co-development projects with transnational interests and the governance of migration by the Spanish and Ecuadorian governments. On one hand, the emergence of co-development is linked with the political dimension of migration, and therefore, with the challenges that its management poses for both the sending and receiving states. Simultaneously, the state exists in a context of the reconfiguration of its traditional functions, and above all, the manner in which it goes about performing them. For these reasons, co-development projects form part of state governance strategies, based on a special understanding of the nexus between migration and development in European social space, involving international organizations, state governments, and civil society, linked by migratory flows. This is demonstrated in the case of Ecuador and Spain. Since Spain stimulated co-development, the implementation of projects with Ecuador has been emphasized, due to the dimensions achieved by Ecuadorian migration. Co-development politics and projects are analyzed in this paper as areas of intervention integrated by values, guide lines and cultural understandings about migration, including appropriate forms of control and management.
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