Endophytic fungi (EF) are microorganisms that live asymptomatically within plant tissues. They can confer benefits to the plant as inducers of resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic factors, plant growth promoters and mycoparasites of pathogens. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine occurrence frequency of endophytic fungi in stems and leaves of blueberry plants collected from ten farms in Lima and Ica Region, Peru. Productive branches of 39 healthy plants were sampled. For the isolation of EF, 702 tissue sections were disinfected and transferred to Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and reproductive structures were induced for identification. A total of 134 EF strains were isolated successfully. Nine genera were identified (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Lasiodiplodia and Stemphylium). EF occurrence frequency varied greatly between organs, being in leaves more frequent than the stems; likewise, the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium were the most frequent and with most colonized in plant tissues, while Aspergillus, Ulocladium and Lasiodiplodia were the least frequent. These strains could be useful to control plant diseases and, therefore, of great interest in sustainable agriculture.
El “moho gris” es una de las principales enfermedades del cultivo de arándano que causa pérdidas económicas, cuyo agente causal es el hongo Botrytis cinerea. La aplicación de fungicidas es una de las principales estrategias para su manejo; sin embargo, el patógeno ha desarrollado resistencia a grupos de fungicidas. En busca de una nueva alternativa de control, en la Universidad Nacional de Cañete se evaluó la actividad antagónica de 40 cepas de hongos endófitos (HE) sobre B. cinerea. Se realizaron pruebas de antibiosis con la extracción de metabolitos secundarios de las cepas de HE y micoparasitismo con el método de placa precolonizada por el patógeno, en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno y colonización del HE respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos del género Aspergillus (cepa 111) inhibieron completamente el crecimiento micelial del patógeno, seguido de los géneros Nigrospora (cepa 58) y Aspergillus (cepa 117) con 89,82 % y con 63,33 % respectivamente a comparación de Cladosporium (cepa 116) que tuvo menor efecto hacia el patógeno con 3,19 % de inhibición micelial. Sin embargo, todas las cepas del género Trichoderma (1, 91, 93 y 94), Alternaria (5 y 78), Fusarium (106), Cladosporium (41) y Lasiodiplodia (49) colonizaron completamente al patógeno y fueron los micoparásitos más agresivos seguido de las cepas de Aspergillus (117 y 111) que colonizaron el 83,33 % y 63,33 % al patógeno respectivamente. Estos hongos endófitos con actividad antagónica hacia B. cinerea podrían ser utilizados como una alternativa para el control de enfermedades en el cultivo de arándano.
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