Objective: The objective of our study was to explore student’s perception of the educational environment in their respective medical colleges Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two medical colleges (one public sector and one private-sector medical college), both affiliated with Khyber Medical University, Peshawar from January 2020 to March 2020. DREEM was used to measure the educational environment of both public sector and private sector medical colleges. Results: The overall mean score with standard deviation was 113± 22 SD for private medical college and 109 ± 25 SD for public sector medical college, which means more positive than negative perception. Private sector college overall score was better than public sector college but with no significant difference. Private sector medical college score was better in all DREEM subscales except Students’ Academic Self-Perception in which public college scored 18± 5 and private college scored 16± 5. Conclusion: There is a significant margin for improvement for all domains of the educational environment in both public and private sector medical colleges, especially the low scores in the domain of Students’ Social Self Perceptions need attention.
COVID-19 pandemic has caused global healthcare and economic crises and mass vaccination to acquire herd immunity seem to be the only solution. Present study aimed to evaluate the intent of Pakistani population towards vaccination and to uncover the barriers associated with vaccine reluctance. This cross-sectional study included responses of 855 Pakistani residents. Respondents’ knowledge of COVID-19 infection, intent of vaccination and barriers towards vaccine refusal were evaluated. Participants were categorized on the basis of knowledge score, risk of disease and other demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used for calculating frequencies and percentages, means and Chi-square test was utilized for cross-tabulation. A multinomial logistic regression model was executed to identify the predictors of vaccination intention. Significance level was set at the p-value of ? 0.05. Prevalence of vaccine refusal was 40%. COVID-19 vaccine is not Halal, negative propaganda on social media against the vaccine, discouraging advice from social circle and clerics, concerns regarding efficacy, fear of immediate and late adverse reactions were the major barriers identified towards vaccine hesitancy. Around one-third of the study population did not consider COVID-19 as a serious disease and associate it with conspiracy theory. The mean score of participants towards COVID-19 knowledge was 5.5±1.6 (range: 0-9). Having a college degree, living in an urban area, working in a healthcare field and being in a higher risk category increases the chances of vaccine acceptability.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of clinical anger, adverse childhood experiences, self-esteem, and their mutual relationship among undergraduate medical and sociology students. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data from 400 undergraduate medical and sociology students was collected from the Northwest School of Medicine, Peshawar, and the sociology department of the International Islamic University, Islamabad, from July to September 2021. A self-administered questionnaire incorporating a Clinical Anger Scale (CAS), Adverse childhood experience (ACE) scale and Rosenberg self-esteem (RSE) scale was utilized for data collection. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and logistic regression model were executed to perform data analysis using SPSS. Results: The mean CAS score was 19.65 ± 13.23 suggesting that 60.2% of the participants experienced mild to severe degrees of clinical anger. Females were experiencing more anger issues than males (64% vs 54%, p = 0.040) RSE scale showed that 72.8% of the participants had low self-esteem with a mean score of 12.70 ± 5.43. Besides, 51.5% of the participants had at least one type of adverse childhood experience while 15.8% of the sample population reported being sexually abused in childhood. Significant correlation was found between CAS and age, ACEs and RSE score (p = <0.01). The logistic regression model also suggested that the prevalence of anger was higher in individuals with ACEs (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.14, p = <0.001) and low self-esteem (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.22, p = <0.001). Conclusion: The high frequency of clinical anger necessitates the implementation of periodic screening across all universities. Keeping in mind the problem of low self-esteem and the history of ACEs, there is an urgent need for the development of strategies to preserve and improve the mental well-being of the young generation. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6113 How to cite this: Ansar F, Naveed H, Khattak A, Khan SA. Frequency of anger and its potential relationship with Selfesteem and Adverse Childhood Experiences among Medical and Sociology undergraduate students in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6113 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
OBJECTIVES: To assess undergraduate medical students’ knowledge of and their attitudes towards primary healthcare and to compare the knowledge and attitudes of students in public and private medical colleges as well as between different demographic groups of students. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in public and private medical colleges after an ethical approval was granted. Data was collected from 201 undergraduate medical students through a validated (by Chalmers et al. 1997) Primary Health Care Questionnaire (PHCQ) utilizing an online data collection platform of Google Forms. The link to Google Form was distributed via emails and social media links of participating colleges. Data was exported from Google Form into SPSS version 24 and analyzed. RESULTS: The total knowledge score of students ranged from 8 to 17 with the mean knowledge score of 12.62 (SD: 1.398). The total attitude score ranged from 59 to 82 for all the participants with the mean attitude score of 71.12 (SD=4.382). Comparison of knowledge scores showed higher scores in females than males (p=0.004), and significantly higher attitudes scores among private medical students than public (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: Medical students’ gender and setting of their medical studies showed significant influence on their knowledge of and attitudes towards primary healthcare.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish true histopathology proven diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 post-surgical gallbladders was done to assess their histopathological patterns in a single centered tertiary care hospital. The specimens were studied for chronic cholecystitis, fibrosis, hypertrophy and presence of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Descriptive analysis was done and associations of the histopathological changes with demographic data of patients were analyzed through Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Fifty-one post cholecystectomy samples of gallbladder were analyzed for histopathological changes with 82.4% showing chronic cholecystitis, 84.3% fibrosis, 64.7% congestion, and more than 60% mild or moderate hypertrophy. Moreover, 49% of the specimens showed Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. All these changes suggest chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Chronic cholecystitis, fibrosis, and Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are the most common histopathological findings in specimens of patients undergone cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the perceptions of senior faculty regarding frame factors influencing curriculum change at undergraduate level in public and private medical and dental schools at Peshawar, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: This was qualitative exploratory case study and senior faculty was interviewed regarding the frame factors influencing integration and changes in undergraduate medical curriculum. Data was collected through in-depth interviews. Transcription, thick description was analyzed, coding was done, and similar codes were converted into categories. Finally, themes were created and concluded by thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of ten interviews were done that identified 52 open codes. These codes were merged into 19 categories that led to development of five themes of frame factors influencing the medical curriculum. The themes and categories were: Lack of proper resources including human, technical, financial and infrastructure (building, equipment); Environmental factors, which included cultural, political and social contexts, which if not supportive could influence the change in curriculum; Lack of supports from regulatory authorities; leadership; legal issues and fragmented assessment approach minimize the dream of the changes in curriculums. CONCLUSION: Intention to change the medical curriculum is the ultimate goal but it is unlikely to grasp better pace due to few bottlenecks such as resources, infrastructure, and cultural, political and legal issues.
Objectives: Patient satisfaction is a significant marker for estimating the quality of medical services being provided at a clinical facility. It also influences the opportune, proficient, and patient-focused provision of quality medical services. Methods: Data from 768 outdoor patients were collected from four tertiary care hospitals in Islamabad, Pakistan. Half of the patients were from public sector hospitals, while others were from private hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha=0.896) was structured for data collection. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze data. Results: Overall, 51.4% of patients were satisfied with the services provided to them at hospital Outpatient department. Patients who experienced private sector hospitals (74%) were significantly more satisfied than those who visited the public sector hospitals (29%) (p<0.001). Gender-wise, female patients were more satisfied (58%) than male patients (47%). Insufficient attention of the doctor, the behavior of the supporting staff and inadequate management of disease record were the red flags highlighted by the patients. Conclusion: The current investigation has shown that quality healthcare is significantly associated with economic conditions; patients’ perspective have expressed that the private sector provides satisfactory medical services at a high expense, whereas the public sector is a less expensive alternative but it lags in the provision of high-quality services and patient satisfaction.
Diabetic osteopathy is a complication of diabetes that elevates the risk of bone fractures and influences bone remodeling. Osteocalcin is a bone protein produced by osteoblasts that plays a role in the regulation of glucose and energy metabolism. Objectives: To explore the relationship between the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and osteocalcin in diabetic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from January 2017 to February 2018. A total of 100 patients suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) were recruited. HbA1c and osteocalcin levels were measured by the enzymatic method and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively. SPSS was utilized for data entry and analysis; Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between variables while statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 50 (9.2), while 58% of the study population was female. The mean (SD) HbA1c and osteocalcin levels were 11.3 (8.8) and 13.1 (6.8), respectively. The results of the correlation analysis yielded a negative relationship between HbA1c and osteocalcin levels (r =-0.099), but the results were statistically non-significant (p-value =0.328). Conclusion: Our study suggested that osteocalcin level has a negative correlation with HbA1c level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients
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