The structure and distribution of lymphoglandular complexes of the colon are described. The cellular composition of these complexes, as detailed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, suggests that they are sites of antigen processing. Variations in structure and in the number of complexes that are found in certain colonic diseases are documented.

Objectives To compare utilities for prenatal testing outcomes among women inclined to continue their pregnancy despite abnormal results versus those inclined to terminate and to analyze how differences affect optimal prenatal testing strategies.Method Time tradeoff utilities for 23 outcomes were elicited from 281 women. We compared utilities based on termination inclination and applied them to a decision-analytic framework.Results Of participants, 46.6% indicated that they would 'definitely' or 'probably' continue their pregnancy despite results indicating an intellectual disability. These women assigned higher utilities to abnormal testing results and having a child with an intellectual disability than women who would probably or definitely terminate. Primary cellfree DNA screening had the most quality-adjusted life years for women inclined to continue their pregnancy but yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $1 685 449. Multiple marker screening with either cell-free DNA or diagnostic testing as follow-up had an ICER of $9037. Primary diagnostic testing resulted in the most quality-adjusted life years for women inclined to terminate, with an ICER of $111 776.Conclusion Women seeking testing vary in prenatal testing outcome preferences and termination inclinations in the context of results indicating an intellectual disability. How they envision utilizing prenatal testing information impacts their optimal testing strategy.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore clinician perceptions of how racism affects Black women's pregnancy experiences, perinatal care, and birth outcomes. Materials and Methods: We conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with perinatal care clinicians practicing in the San Francisco Bay Area (January to March 2019) who serve racially diverse women. Participants were primarily recruited through “Dear Perinatal Care Provider” email correspondences sent through department listservs. Culturally concordant, qualitatively trained research assistants conducted all interviews in person. The interviews ranged from 30 to 60 minutes and were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed verbatim. We used the constant comparative method consistent with grounded theory to analyze data. Results: Most participants were obstetrician/gynecologists ( n = 11, 44%) or certified nurse midwives ( n = 8, 32%), had worked in their current role for 1 to 5 years ( n = 10, 40%), and identified as white ( n = 16, 64%). Three themes emerged from the interviews: provision of inequitable care ( e.g. , I had a woman who had a massive complication during her labor course and felt like she wasn't being treated seriously ); surveillance of Black women and families ( e.g. , A urine tox screen on the Black baby even though it was not indicated, and they didn't do it on the white baby when, in fact, it was indicated ); and structural care issues ( e.g. , the history of medical racial experimentation ). Conclusion: Clinicians' views about how racism is currently operating and negatively impacting Black women's care experiences, health outcomes, and well-being in medical institutions will be used to develop a racial equity training for perinatal care clinicians in collaboration with Black women and clinicians.

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