Silybum marianum L. is a therapeutic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which has exhibited silymarin, a principal component used to cure various physiochemical disorders. The study appraised the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of an extract from the seed, stem and leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetate buffer in ferric chloride (FRAP) assay, respectively, the chemical profile was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay. The study outcomes identified that alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and catcholic tannins were present in seed, stem and leaves extracts except for saponins and Gallic tannins. Whereas, phenols were absent only in seed extract. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in appreciable amounts of 21.79 (GAE/g), 129.66 (QE/g) and 17.29 (GAE/g), 114.29 (QE/g) from the leaves and stem extract, respectively. Similarly, all extracts expressed reasonable DPPH inhibition (IC50) and FRAP reducing power such as 75.98, 72.39 and 63.21% and 46.60, 51.40 and 41.30 mmol/g from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively. Additionally, chemical analysis revealed the existence of 6, 8 and 9 chemical compounds from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively, corresponding to 99.95, 99.96 and 98.89% of the whole extract. The chemical compound, Dibutyl phthalate was reported from all extracts while, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Silane, (1,1-dimethylethyl), dimethyl (phenylmethoxy) were reported only from the seed and leaves extract. Moreover, Methyl stearate was also a major compound reported from all extracts except for seed extract. It is demonstrable that extracts from different parts of S. marianum possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as valuable chemical compounds accountable for therapeutic effects that might be incorporated as an alternative to synthetic chemical agents.
Terpenoids from natural plant sources are valuable for their diverse biological activities that have important roles in the medical and agrochemical industries. In this study, we assessed the antioxidant, antifungal, and aphicidal activities of a mixture of spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol from the leaves of Citrullus colocynthis. We used 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to assess antioxidant activity, and we measured antifungal activity using mycelium growth inhibition assays with three pathogenic fungi, Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora infestans. Aphicidal activity against adults of Myzus persicae was determined using in vitro and in vivo assays. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, even at lower concentrations: 19.98% at 0.78 µg mL−1, 31.52% at 3.0 µg mL−1, 36.61% at 12.5 µg mL−1, and 49.76% at 50 µg mL−1. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol showed reasonable levels of fungicidal activity toward R. solani and M. grisea, with EC50 values of 129.5 and 206.1 µg mL−1, respectively. The positive controls boscalid and carbendazim were highly effective against all fungi except boscalid for M. grisea (EC50 = 868 µg mL−1) and carbendazim for P. infestans (EC50 = 8721 µg mL−1). Significant insecticidal activity was observed in both residual and greenhouse assays, with LC50 values of 42.46, 54.86, and 180.9 µg mL−1 and 32.71, 42.46, and 173.8 µg mL−1 at 72, 48, and 24 h, respectively. The antioxidant activity of spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol was strongly positively correlated with their antifungal and insecticidal activity. Spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol therefore show good antioxidant and aphicidal activity with moderate fungicidal activity, making them suitable candidates for an alternative to synthetic agents.
Terpenoids from natural plants resources are valuable for diverse biological activities which exhibited important part in medical and agrochemicals industry. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant, antifungal and aphicidal activity of a mixture of Spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol from Citrullus colocynthis leaves. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to assess the antioxidant activity whereas, antifungal activity was tested by mycelium growth inhibition assay on three pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora infestans. Aphicidal activity against adults of Myzus persicae was also determined via In-vitro and In-vivo assays. The outcome of the study exposed that Spinasterol, 22, 23-dihydrospinasterol afforded moderate antioxidant activity even at lower concentrations i.e. 19.98, 31.52, 36.61 and 49.76% at 0.78, 3.0, 12.5 and 50µgmL− 1 respectively. However, reasonable fungicidal activity of Spinasterol, 22; 23-dihydrospinasterol was recorded as being EC50 values 129.5 and 206.1µgmL− 1 against R. solani and M. grisea respectively. On the other hand, Boscalid and Carbendazim being a positive control proved highly effective against all fungi except for M. grisea and P. infestans with EC50 values 868 and 272109µgmL− 1 respectively. The significant insecticidal activity was afforded via residual as well as greenhouse assay being LC50 values as 42.46, 54.86, 180.9 µgmL− 1 and 32.71, 42.46 and 173.8µgmL− 1 at 72, 48 and 24 h respectively. Moreover, antioxidant activity of Spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol presented strong positive correlation versus antifungal and insecticidal activity. Spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol possess good antioxidant and aphicidal activity with moderate fungicidal activity which could be a suitable candidate as an alternative to synthetic pesticidal agents.
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