Ensuring the proper quality of the environment is a foreground and important task for achieving sustainable development goals in contemporary urban societies. Therefore, the aim of the research is to study the air pollution on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges and assess the additional load on the lower levels based on the analysis of physico-chemical properties of harmful substances, which are exhausts components. The scientific novelty of the paper and the authors’ contribution is in determining the level of ecological danger of territories neighboring multi-level interchanges as a result of the summation effect from emissions of vehicle flows, physical and chemical properties of pollutants, and processes of their sedimentation. To predict the pollution level of the roadside air, the model of torch approximation based on the K-theory and the equations of turbulent diffusion was used. Both mathematical modeling and visualization were performed by the Mathcad software package. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the environmental situation neighboring multi-level interchanges and urban objects in terms of their pollution with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter PM10. Research has shown that due to the sedimentation processes a significant increase of the technogenic load on the interchange first level road will be observed. It was found that, compared to the upper road, the technogenic load in the center of the lower road increases on average by 1.4–1.6 times in terms of nitrogen oxides and by 1.5–1.6 times in terms of PM10. The territory with the harmful substances maximum permissible concentration excess is significantly increased. So, taking into account that multi-level interchanges are much more environmentally acceptable than surface sections of roads with traffic lights and pedestrian crossings, they still pose danger to the health of people who stay for a long time at the transport stops, move on the sidewalks and underground crossings, as well as for vehicle drivers and passengers. Thus, it is recommended not to place on the territories neighboring multi-level interchanges public transport stops, cafes, shops, and other city infrastructure objects, as well as to remove the existing ones.
The paper analyzes the state of the car fleet of Ukraine and provides statistical numbers of cars in 2020. The aim of the work is to assess the contamination of heavy metals in soils located on the territory of children's educational institutions in Kyiv, near highways, and to calculate the health risk from exposure to heavy metals. The structure of the housing stock of Ukraine by years of construction is shown. The influence of heavy metals on human health is given. Soil samples taken on the territory of the city of Kyiv at playgrounds for the content of pollutants were studied. A study has been conducted on the health risks of school and preschool children from the effects of soil contamination with heavy metals in the surrounding areas near educational institutions, where children spend most of their lives. The hydrogen index of aqueous extracts was determined, the sulfate-chloride content was analyzed, and the presence of basic cations and anions was determined. The urgency of the work lies in the problem of soil contamination in schools and kindergartens, which requires constant review. It is important to constantly monitor the soil cover within the surrounding areas, to take samples from the surface layer and at depths. It is also important to consider this issue when designing and building new facilities.
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