BackgroundClinical studies of antipsychotic medication are a primary source of data on the nature of, and relative liability for, adverse effects, relevant to prescribing decisions in clinical practice.AimsTo identify how safety and tolerability data were collected and reported in recent clinical studies of antipsychotics.MethodA survey was conducted of all 167 eligible studies published between 2002 and 2007 on the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group register.ResultsExtrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) and weight gain were most frequently assessed. A minority of reports addressed metabolic abnormalities, aversive subjective experiences and sexual dysfunction. Published rating scales were frequently used to evaluate EPS, but systematic methods were rarely applied to other treatment-emergent problems. The definition of individual adverse effects and the manner of reporting were inconsistent.ConclusionsThe way in which safety and tolerability data are collected and reported in clinical studies does not allow for fair and meaningful comparison of the relative risk profiles of individual antipsychotic drugs.
The heats of mixing of the 11 binary n-alcohol systems containing either butanol or octanol and formed from the set methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, hexanol, octanol, and decanol were measured in a continuous dilution calorimeter at 25 °C. The applicability of Brønsted's principle of congruence to the data was investigated.
Heats of mixing of 10 binary normal alcohol systems were measured at 25°C. in an isothermal dilution calorimeter. The results are correlated with previously published data for 11 other similar systems.E RESULTS of calorimetric measurements of the excess enthalpies at 25°C. for the 10 binary normal alcohol systems formed from methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), propanol (PrOH), hexanol (HxOH), and decanol (DeOH) are reported. The work is an extension of a previous investigation in which binary normal alcohol systems formed by mixing a component from the above set with either butanol (BuOH) or octanol (OcOH) were examined (3). EXPERIMENTALThe heats of mixing were measured in an isothermally jacketed continuous dilution calorimeter similar in design to that of Savini, Winterhalter, Kovach, and Van Ness
This paper has two main aims: to present the current position of information literacy education (ILE) in UK-based academic institutions, and to propose a strategy that ensures the integration of ILE in learning and teaching practices. The first part of the paper offers an insight into the perceptions of information literacy by exploring four distinct perspectives: those of the institution, the faculty, the library staff, and the students. From an institutional perspective, information literacy is dominated by the need to measure information skills within the context of information as a discipline in its own right. Also, there is a great deal of misinformation regarding information literacy, and as a result, a clear marketing strategy must be adopted by information professionals to address the misconceptions held by faculty staff and students alike. This article aims to address these points by drawing on recent scholarship and research in the field, which demonstrates the validity of information literacy as a process for fostering independent learning. The second part of the paper explains how a fellowship project has placed information literacy on the pedagogical agenda of the University of Staffordshire in the UK by promoting information literacy education as an integrated element of the curriculum.
The heats of combustion at 25°C of liquid SnMe4, SnMe3Et and SnEk, SnPr4 and SnBw have been measured using a conventional bomb calorimeter charged with 0 2 at 40 atm pressure. Corrections for incomplete combustion of the samples were based on analysis of the C02 produced by combustion, and of unburnt metallic tin remaining in the crucible. The derived standard heats of formation of the liquids at 25°C are (in kcal/mole) AH; (SnMe4) = -125 f0.5 ; AH; (SnMe3Et) = -161 f0.6 ; AHj!(SnEt4) = -22.9*06 ; AH;(SnPr4) = -50.6f1.2; AHi(SnBu4) = -72-7hl.8. The values now obtained for AHF(SnMe4) and AHj!(SnBu4), combined with previously measured heats of haIogenation of tin alkyls, provide standard heats of formation of the following liquids (in kcal/mole) ; Me3SnBr = -43.8L-1-6; Me3SnI = -30-7kl.7; Me3SnPh = 13-6f2.6 ; Me3SnCHzPh = 6 -7 5 1.7 ; 13.2f 1.7 ; Me3SnSnMe3 = -17.4 f 3-3 ; Me3Sn vinyl = and Bu3SnBr = -85.5f2.The few heat of formation data on tin alkyls so far reported are not in good agreement with one another. Heat of combustion studies on tin tetra-alkyls are limited to those reported by Jones, Evans, Gulwell and Griffiths 1 on SnEt4, SnPr4, SnBu4 and SnAm4, by Lippincott and Tobin 2 on SnMe4, by Lautsch 3 and also by Baladin, Klabunorskii, Kozina and Ul'yanova 4 on SnMe4 and SnEt4, by Dillard, McNeill, Simmons and Yeldwell5 on SnMe4, SnMe3Et, SnMeeEt2, SnMeEt3, SnEt4, SnEt2Bu2 and SnBu4, and by Rabinovich, Telnoi, Nikolaev and Razuvaev 6 on SnEt4.Jones et aZ.1 gave no details of their experimental procedure ; it is now clear that their results were unreliable. Dillard, McNeill, Simmons and Yeldell5 also give few details of the combustion experiments, but they have estimated the limits of error ; there is, however, a lack of internal consistency in the results, and it is difficult to accept that the quoted error limits (which range from & I to & 5 kcal/mole) are realistic. Lippincott and Tobin2 measured the heat of combustion of SnMe4, and observed that the metal sometimes did not bum completely to form Sn02, and that the oxide product formed in the crucible was blackened by traces of unburnt tin. Because of this, the results of individual combustion experiments showed a considerable scatter, and their recommended value for the standard heat AH," of combustion was stated to be uncertain within limits of f 10 kcallmole.The combustion studies by Lautsch,3 by Baladin et aZ.,4 and by Rabinovich et aZ.,6 on SnMe4 and SnEt4, appear to have given more consistent results, and an accuracy within limits of + 3 to +4 kcallmole was claimed. The -AH: values (kcal/mole) for tin tetra-alkyls in the liquid state obtained by previous investigators are listed below.* This was replaced in some experiments by a silica crucible coated with a layer of stannic oxide. This made no significant difference to the measured heats of combustion, indicating that reaction between SnO2 and the silica crucible is not a serious complication.
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