Purpose:Radiation causes damage to irradiated tissues and also tissues that do not receive direct irradiation through a phenomenon called out-of-field effects. This damage through signals such as inflammatory responses can be transmitted to unirradiated cells/tissues and causes many effects such as oxidative damage. The radioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin have been demonstrated in various studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with melatonin on oxidative damage caused by direct irradiation and out-of-field effects on the lung tissue after pelvic irradiation in rats.Materials and Methods:In this experimental study, 42 adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups (six rats per group) including control, melatonin treatment, localized irradiation to the pelvis (out-of-field group), whole-body scatter group (which gave radiation dose equal to the amount of radiation that the lung had received from the localized pelvic irradiation), direct irradiation to lung, melatonin administration before localized radiation to the pelvis, and melatonin administration before localized radiation to the lung. A 100 mg/kg of melatonin 30 min before irradiation with 5 Gy γ-rays in a local (3.75 cm × 3.75 cm) field to the lower abdomen was administered to the rats, and after 24 h, all rats were sacrificed and their lungs were excised to measure the biochemical parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results:The results showed that localized irradiation to the lung or pelvis caused an increase in the MDA level. Moreover, pelvis and lung irradiation increased the GPx and SOD activity in the lungs. Pretreatment with melatonin before irradiation reduced the GPx and MDA levels in both targeted and nontargeted lung tissues and reduced the SOD activity after lung irradiation.Conclusion:Although pretreatment with melatonin did not increase the activity of SOD and GPx in comparison to the radiation groups, this study showed that preadministration of melatonin can ameliorate the oxidative damage induced by ionizing radiation.
In the last few years, high data growth rate has funded the new outlook of ecommerce like electronically marketing, publishing, transmission and distribution of real time multimedia data in the form of video, audio, image and so on. Unauthorized access and copyright protection become a vital concern for almost all of the digital data service providers. In the past ten years, many researchers proposed various methods such as steganography, cryptography, watermarking and so on for different purposes [1]. Watermarking is proposed to protect digital data against unauthorized activities and help to maintain copyright ownership by embedding watermark data into host signal using some modification in its content [2], [3]. The effectiveness of a digital watermarking depends on the few characteristics such as imperceptibility, robustness, security, and real-time processing [4]. Many researches have been done one gray scale image compare to color image because color image redundant data cannot be used sufficiently and cause poor ability to resist attacks which means the method has low robustness against image processing attacks [5]. This paper proposed a new DWT-Hungarian method for color image watermarking to overcome this problem and the experimental results show that the proposed method has high robustness against JPEG (30) compression, cropping (50%), scaling, rotation and blurring attacks than other related works.
Abstract-Cloud computing with its utilities is one of the realities that the most of the industrial and educational has a dream. However, the cloud computing has the potential to solve a lot of problems (such as easy sharing, transform a large part of the IT industry) but still the performance, reliability, and the security is the most issues that still need to test and measured. This paper is the survey paper, which focuses on these three issues to identify them and discuss about the solutions, which proposed until today.
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