Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the main ant species responsible for the spreading of Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), a soil scale that damages grapevine plants in southern Brazil. The effect of contact and ingestion of insecticides on the control of L. micans was evaluated in a greenhouse using grapevines (Vitis spp.) infested by L. micans. The insecticides thiamethoxam (250, 187.5, and 125 g/ha), fipronil (4, 5, and 50 ml/ha), and imidacloprid (650 g/ha) were sprayed on the ground, whereas toxic baits containing boric acid (0.5, 1.0, and 1.2%), pyriproxyfen (0.3 and 0.5%), and hydramethylnon (0.5%) were evaluated in different formulations. Hydramethylnon (toxic bait) and thiamethoxam (chemical barrier) were the most efficient active ingredients for the control of L. micans.

Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is reported to occur from eastern Brazil to central Argentina in pasture or grassland, forest and second growth riparian forest, nesting under stones, rotting wood, and sandy soil. However, information on this species is poor and its ecological interactions and role as pests are unknown. Linepithema humile (Mayr), a closely related species to L. micans, known as the Argentine ant, is native to South America, and was accidentally introduced to several regions of the world. Recent studies have shown that other related species, such as L. micans, could become as pestiferous as L. humile because of its phylogenetic proximity. Samples of L. micans from different habitats in Southern Brazil were characterized by sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA. Sequences were compared to previously obtained sequences from samples of L. humile and the genetic distance and differences in the tRNALeu structure were investigated. Our data identified three haplotypes of L. micans, two of which were observed in ant populations closely associated with the Brazilian ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), a soil scale that is a serious pest of vineyards. The third haplotype was identified in ants from populations invading residences in urban habitats.

Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the main ant species responsible for dispersal of Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), a root scale that damages grapevines in southern Brazil. The effects of different formulations of toxic baits based on boric acid and hydramethylnon to control L. micans and E. brasiliensis were evaluated. Toxic baits with boric acid (1.0%) mixed in different concentrations of inverted sugar (20%, 30%, and 40%), and hydramethylnon, mixed with sardines (paste), cassava flour and peanut, brown sugar (sucrose), or sardine oil-based gel, were evaluated in a greenhouse and in the field. In the greenhouse experiment, the number of foraging ants was significantly reduced in the pots where the hydramethylnon in sardine paste (Solid S), sardine oil-brown sugar-based gel (GEL SAM), and peanut oil-brown-sugar gel (GEL AM) formulations were applied. The GEL SAM toxic bait effectively reduced the infestation of L. micans, and could be used for indirect control of E. brasiliensis on young grapevines.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de Cryptoblabes gnidiella em dietas artificiais e conhecer as exigências térmicas da espécie. A biologia do inseto foi estudada em laboratório (26±1ºC, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotófase de 14 horas), em três dietas artificiais à base de feijão carioca (D 1 ), feijão branco e "pellet" de alfafa (D 2 ) e feijão branco (D 3 ). As exigências térmicas das fases de desenvolvimento foram determinadas em laboratório, tendo-se criado o inseto na D 2 , nas temperaturas de 18ºC, 22ºC, 26ºC e 30ºC, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotófase de 14 horas. Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a D 2 foi a mais adequada para criação de C. gnidiella em laboratório e proporcionou uma viabilidade total de 53,30%. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para o ciclo total (ovo-adulto) foram 12,26ºC e 569,91 graus-dia, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas, estimou-se que o inseto completa 3,25 gerações anuais em Caxias do Sul, RS e 9,19 em Petrolina, PE.Termos para indexação: traça-dos-cachos, videira, temperatura base. Compared biology in artificial diets and thermal requirements of Cryptoblabes gnidiellaAbstract -This work was conducted to evaluate the development of Cryptoblabes gnidiella in artificial diets, and to know the thermal requirements of the species. Biology was studied under laboratory conditions (26±1ºC, relative humity of 70±10% and L/D 14:10 h) using three artificial diets based on bean (D 1 ), white bean and pellet of alfafa (D 2 ) and of white bean (D 3 ). Thermal requirements of honeydew moth were estimated at four constant temperatures (18ºC, 22ºC, 26ºC e 30ºC) using D 2 artificial diet. Based on fertility life table, D 2 was the most appropriate diet to rear C. gnidiella in laboratory providing a total viability of 53.30%. The lower threshold temperature and thermal requirements for the biological cycle (egg to adult) were 12.26ºC and 569.91 day degrees, respectively. The specie completes 3.25 generations in Caxias do Sul, RS and 9.19 in Petrolina, PE.

Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is a soil scale that is considered the main pest of vineyards in Brazil. The ant Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is frequently found associated with this species of scale in infested areas. The effect of the presence of L. micans on the infestation and dispersal capacity of E. brasiliensis on vine roots was measured in a greenhouse, using Paulsen 1103 rootstock seedlings planted in simple and double "Gallotti Cages." Treatments measured were: infestation of roots with E. brasiliensis or L. micans, and infestation with both species together. In the experiment using simple Gallotti Cages, with E. brasiliensis associated with L. micans, higher mean numbers of cysts and ants per plant were recorded, a result significantly different from that found for infestation with scale only. When double Gallotti Cages were used, first-instar nymphs were transported between the cages. The results showed that L. micans transports and aids in the attachment of E. brasiliensis to vine plants.

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Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is considered one of the main biological control agents of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). However, the application of toxic baits for the management of C . capitata might exert side effects on the parasitoid. The objective of this study was to evaluate the side effects of toxic bait formulations on D . longicaudata . The food attractants Anamed, 3% Biofruit, 1.5% CeraTrap, 1.25% Flyral, 3% Isca Samaritá, 3% Isca Samaritá Tradicional, and 7% sugarcane molasses mixed with an organophosphate insecticide [malathion, 2.0 grams of active ingredient (g a.i.) L −1 ] and the commercial formulation Gelsura (2.0 and 4.0 g a.i. L −1 alpha-cypermethrin) showed high toxicity to D . longicaudata adults (>90% mortality) after 96 h and were thus classified as harmful (Class 4). Similarly, 3% Isca Samaritá Tradicional and 7% sugarcane molasses in formulations with the insecticides spinosad and spinetoram (0.096 g a.i. L −1 or kg) were moderately harmful (Class 3). In contrast, the food attractants Anamed, 3% Biofruit, 1.5% CeraTrap, 1.25% Flyral, and 3% Isca Samaritá Tradicional in combination with spinosad and spinetoram and the formulation Success 0.02CB (0.096 g a.i. L −1 spinosad) were classified as harmless (<10% mortality up to 96 h, Class 1). Additionally, these formulations did not reduce the parasitism and emergence rate of the F 1 generation of D . longicaudata in C . capitata larvae. Formulations of toxic baits based on spinosyn are suitable for the management of C . capitata together with the parasitoid D . longicaudata .

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