The conceptualization of old age as reported by seniors and students mainly carried negative connotations, reflecting the profoundly based stereotypes within society regarding the older people. Seniors have reported being exposed to ageism and have witnessed ageism episodes in HCIs; also, students have faced ageism episodes during their clinical education. There is a need for ethical education within medical and nursing courses to shape positive attitudes towards the older people. A positive vision of ageing should be promoted not only among young people but also among adults and older people to avoid self-stereotyping of older people and seeing old age from negative perspective.

The majority of older persons demonstrated an 'excellent' or 'very good' lifestyle with healthy habits. The adoption of healthy lifestyle patterns, in particular a regular balanced diet and proper physical activity, can help prevent functional limitations among the elderly in rural areas.

Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) has been defined by the American Heart Association as the lack of cardiovascular disease and the presence of seven key factors and health behaviors. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of ideal and poor CVH among the Polish adult population based on the example of the inhabitants of Janów district in Lubelskie Voivodship, taking the chosen socio-demographic factors into consideration. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 3901 adults without cardiovascular diseases, aged between 35 and 64 years. Participants completed a questionnaire, and they had anthropometric and physiological measurements taken. Blood samples were analyzed for fasting glucose and cholesterol levels. Ideal CVH was found in 5.4% of the participants, with the advantage of being toward city dwellers over those living in the rural areas (6.3% vs. 5.0%) p = 0.02. In the case of the residents of rural areas, their likelihood of having an ideal body mass index (BMI) was found to be 22% lower (odds ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66–0.92), their likelihood of having an ideal diet was found to be 27% lower (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54–0.94), their likelihood of having perfect blood pressure was found to be 29% lower (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56–0.89), and their likelihood of having the perfect glucose levels was found to be 28% lower (OR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.63–0.84), than the residents of urban areas. The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular behaviors and factors is lower in the rural community compared with people living in the city. Results indicate that more effort should be dedicated toward the country’s health policy, specifically concerning primary prevention. Preventive actions in the field of cardiovascular disease should be addressed to the residents of rural areas to a larger extent.

Background Spirituality is vital in the holistic approach to nursing care. The personal spirituality of nurses has been documented to have an impact on the spiritual nursing care they provide. Aim To validate the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) among nurses and to describe spiritual attitudes and involvement of nurses as measured with the tool. Design A cross-sectional, validation study was performed according to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Methods Study involving 163 nurses, with the use of four tools: (a) the SAIL; (b) the Self-Description Questionnaire; (c) the Scale of Spiritual Transcendence; and (d) the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire. Results The Explanatory Factor Analysis identified six factors and 25 items were retained explaining a total variance of 67.96%. In the Confirmative Factor Analysis, acceptable index fit values were obtained. Correlations were found between SAIL and the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire, the Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale. Nurses reported the highest scores on 'Meaningfulness' (= 4.95 out of 6.0, Standard Deviation [SD] 0.56) and the lowest on the 'Transcendent Experiences' factor (= 3.21 out of 6.0, SD 0.93). A strong correlation was found between 'Spiritual Activities' and the religious

Background: There is insufficient research into informal caregivers’ quality of life (QoL) in Poland. The purpose of this work is to study predictors that considerably affect QoL of informal caregivers (IC) providing home care for seniors with chronic diseases and a functional performance deficit. Materials and methods: In the cross-sectional research design, ICs were randomly chosen among the geriatric population receiving care in 5 primary health care settings. The WHOQoL-AGE questionnaire was used to assess QoL of ICs (n=138). The Barthel scale and Polish version of the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) were applied to assess individuals with chronic diseases and functional and mental performance deficits (n=138). The Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF) was used to measure the extent of risk of depressive symptoms in care-receivers. A hierarchical regression analysis was carried out to determine predictors of caregivers’ QoL. Results: Mean values in the group of seniors provided with home care were as follows: the Barthel scale M=43.20, SD=27.06, the AMTS M=7.78 (SD=1.65), and the GDS-SF M=7.34 (SD=3.10). QoL of ICs (the WHOQoL-AGE) was M=70.14 (SD=15.31). Significant predictors of caregivers’ QoL turned out to be support in care given by others β =0.605, p <0.001, experience in care β =–0.220; p <0.001, caregivers’ health self-assessment β =0.174, p <0.001, and depressive disorders in care-receivers GDS β = −0.178, p <0.001. Conclusions: The QoL of ICs who provide care for individuals with chronic diseases and a functional performance deficit improves with an increase in the support they receive from others, their higher health self-assessment, and greater experience in care. An increase in depressive symptoms in care-receivers determines a lower level of caregivers’ QoL.

Wprowadzenie. W Polsce od kilku lat trwają dyskusje na temat unifi kacji terminologii pielęgniarskiej oraz próby wdrażania ICNP® i NANDA do praktyki klasyfi kacji. Nadal jednak w literaturze brakuje wiarygodnych polskich wyników badań pozwalających na oszacowanie wartości powyższych systemów pod względem ich użyteczności praktycznej. Cel. Przedstawienie opinii studentów pielęgniarstwa na temat wartości praktycznej klasyfi kacji diagnoz pielęgniarskich ICNP® i NANDA na podstawie wyników analizy grupowej. Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w 2016 roku wśród 88 studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo studiów magisterskich w Lublinie. Metodą badawczą była analiza dokumentacji dydaktycznej studentów zgromadzonej podczas realizowania efektów kształcenia, dotyczącej zastosowania w praktyce systemów klasyfi kacji ICNP® i NANDA oraz analiza opinii studentów na temat użyteczności praktycznej przedstawionych systemów. Wyniki. Studenci sformułowali 345 argumentów "za i przeciw" użyteczności praktycznej analizowanych systemów klasyfi kacji. Spośród 181 stwierdzeń przypisanych ICNP® 56,9% miało desygnaty argumentacji negatywnej, a 43,1% -pozytywnej. W grupie 164 argumentów wymienionych dla systemu NANDA aż 72,56% miało charakter pozytywnych opinii, a 27,44% -negatywnych. Podsumowanie. Analiza ilościowa oraz jakościowa argumentów użyteczności praktycznej ICNP® i NANDA pozwala wnioskować o wyższej użyteczności w praktyce pielęgniarskiej systemu NANDA.SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: taksonomie, ICNP®, NANDA, pielęgniarstwo. ABSTRACT Introduction.In Poland for a couple of years the unifi cation of nursing terminology and attempts of the ICNP® and NANDA classifi cations implementation have been discussed. Up to this moment, however, in the Polish professional literature there have been no reliable fi ndings enabling the assessment of the practical usefulness of the abovementioned systems. Aim. The presentation of nursing students' opinions on the practical value of the ICNP® and the NANDA classifi cations of nursing diagnoses based on the group analysis. Material and methods. The research was conducted in 2016 among 88 Master's-Degree students in the fi eld of nursing in Lublin. The research method was an analysis of students' documentation refl ecting the use of ICNP® and NANDA classifi cation systems for the description of nursing practice based on randomly chosen case studies, and the opinion of the students on the practical use of the abovementioned systems. Results. The students formulated 345 'for and against' arguments of the practical use of the analysed classifi cation systems, including 181 arguments concerning the ICNP® classifi cation and 164 arguments concerning the NANDA system. 56.9% of 181 statements on the ICNP® constituted negative arguments and 43.1% were positive. In the group of 164 arguments on the NANDA system as many as 72.56% were positive opinions and 27.44% were negative. Conclusion. Analysis of quantitative and qualitative arguments on the practical use of the ICNP® and NANDA leads to the conclusion that the NANDA sys...

Health literacy (HL) is recognised as an important, modifiable factor in the self-management and health performance of elderly people. The aim of this preliminary study was to identify and analyse the level of health literacy among the elderly living in one of the eastern regions in Poland. The cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 200 seniors aged 65+ after cognitive pre-screening with the use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. To collect data, the Polish version of the HLS-EU-Q47 was used. More than half of the elderly surveyed presented problematic levels of general HL (GEN-HL), and also problematic levels of other dimensions: health care health literacy (HC-HL), disease prevention health literacy (DP-HL), and health promotion health literacy (HP-HL). The level of seniors’ HL is dependent on the level of their education, place of living, participation in activities run by Daily Center for the Elderly, and their self-assessment of health condition (p < 0.05). These results imply the important message that there is a need to create initiatives and programs improving health literacy targeted at seniors living in rural areas, those with lower levels of education, and those with poor access to activities organised by institutions supporting seniors.

Introduction. Health locus of control is an essential factor affecting lifestyle which plays a major role in choosing health behaviours by individuals including young ones. Aim. The aim of the study was the determination of selected conditions of health control and health behaviours in students of health sciences. Material and methods. The study encompassed 175 students of health sciences at the Medical University of Lublin. The multidimensional health locus of control scale (MHLC), version B, by Z. Juczyński was applied as it measures expectations in three dimensions of health control: internal, external (influence of others) and chance. A special authors’ questionnaire compiled for the purpose was used to assess health behaviours. Results. The results of the study show that the internal dimension of health control (25.86 points) has the greatest impact on health in the group studied. The oldest study participants dwelling in the countryside gave this dimension a higher ranking than other study participants. For the students health behaviours included fastening seat belts, healthy nutrition and doing sports. Conclusions. The internal dimension of health control constitutes an essential factor determining health behaviours of the study participants. The students who are not able to assess whether they are healthy individuals, significantly more frequently perceive the greatest influence of others on their health.