Objective. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the ways of transmitting the characters’ internal speech (internal direct speech and non-proper direct speech) in a psycholinguistic projection. Materials & Methods. During the research we used general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, observation, description, classification, definitive analysis), linguistic and psycholinguistic methods (the methods of structural-semantic, component and opposition analysis, the method of dialogical interpretation of the text). Stepan Protsyuk’s psychologically biographical trilogy about Ukrainian writers – Vasyl Stefanyk («The rose of ritual pain»), Arkhyp Teslenko («Black Apple») and Volodymyr Vynnychenko («Masks fall slowly») served as material for research. Results. The multiplicity and multi-sectoral focus of the notion of «internal speech» from the standpoint of psychology, psycholinguistics, philosophy, literary criticism and linguistics are determined. An integrated approach to understanding the essence of internal speech is based on its dialogicality, virtual communicativeness, self-communicativeness and interdependence of language and speech. The qualification characteristics of the internal direct speech and non-proper direct speech are outlined, their structural and semantic varieties are described. The internal speech of the characters appears not only for reproduction of the monologic reflections of the character, but also as a form of inner, veiled talk of characters among themselves. With this in mind, two forms of representation of the internal direct speech are singled out: monologic and dialogic. The non-proper direct speech is differentiated into two varieties depending on stylistic reference points and the degree of approaching the direct speech: «literary» («author’s») and «character’s» («personal»). The functional-stylistic potential of ways of transferring the internal speech in the idiostyle of Stepan Protsiuk is revealed. Conclusions. It is concluded that the ways of transmitting of internal speech (internal direct speech and non-proper direct speech) widely used in the psychologically biographical novels of Stepan Protsiuk provide additional linguistic material for creating of psychological portraits of heroes and contribute to the artistic solution of the tension between the author’s speech and hero’s speech. Moreover, they help to adjust the interactions in their dialogue, reduce the distance between the narrator and the hero, the hero and the reader.
The analysis of modern theories of text understanding are presented in the article. Different theoretical methods and techniques were used for this purpose: deductive and inductive methods, analysis and synthesis, generalization, systematization and modeling as well as some interpretive methods that are based on specific principles of systemic, activity, cognitive and organizational approaches. The author notes that six approaches to the interpretation of understanding can beaccented in modern psychological literature. They are understanding as knowledge, understanding as comprehension, understanding as interpretation, understanding as a process of solving tasks, understanding as the inclusion of new knowledge in the subject's experience, understanding as awareness. But only four of them are used to understand the text. The conclusion is made as a result of systematization of the achievements of these approaches. It is concluded that the process of text understanding is a complex process that occurs at several levels: from the simplest to perception, through interpretation (thinking and memory), to a higher level that is consciousness, where emotional identification and awareness are presented. As a result of understanding someorganized ideas about the text (model, conclusions, mental representation) appear in the mind of the subject. Next they recieve the verbal form and objectify as a secondary text (received from the recipient as a reaction to the read text), that represented concept or secondary meanings. The process and the result of text understanding depend on some subjective factors (the recipient experience (apperception), subjective state at the time of reception, the cultural and historical context) and some objective factors (textual or semantic dominants). Context forms not only preliminary expectations, but also verifies the final result of understanding. It is anew secondary meanings, that accord with already existing senses in the mind. Thus the semantic level of reader consciousness enrich and reorganize, that are represented as change in behavior.
The article presents the findings of a study of the psycho-semantic characteristics of the perception of promotional videos in the juvenile and adolescent age periods (as exemplified by the students of a lyceum and those of an institution of higher education in Ukraine). The modern advertising is seen as a societal and socio-psychological phenomenon that models not only the behavior but also the values, standards and mindsets of the younger generation. The scientific principles of the experimental psycho-semantics became the methodological basis for the empirical research in question. The purpose of the research was to reconstruct semantic spaces and an individual system of meanings, through the prism of which advertisements are perceived by juveniles and adolescents of both genders. The psycho-semantic research was carried out in three stages: scaling of advertising objects (on the basis of the semantic differential method), the construction of semantic spaces of promotional videos and the interpretation of the results obtained. Five promotional videos of different types were selected as the evaluation objects (an “Otrivin” animation video with computer graphics and special effects; a “Pantene” actor-supported voice-over music video; a “Hylak Forte” voice-over information-type video; a “Samsung” celebrity figure-supported video; a “Raiffeisenbank” storyline actor-supported voice-over music video). A comparative analysis of the psycho-semantic spaces of the above-mentioned objects was performed; the age and gender characteristics of their perception in the juvenile and adolescent age periods were determined. The following factors were identified as the main semantic axes of the psycho-semantic perception (as exemplified by the “Raiffeisenbank” promotional video): “Confidence in (distrust of) advertising” (SD indicators “true – false”, “informative – less informative”, “intelligent – stupid”); “Emotional attractiveness (unattractiveness) of advertising” (SD indicators “attractive – repulsive”, “joyful – sad”; “Tactfulness (obtrusiveness) of advertising” (SD indicators “relaxed – tense”, “modest – obtrusive”, “interesting – boring”).
Мета дослідження. Виявити та описати способи вербалізації феномену концептуальної метафори СПОРТ – ВІЙНА у матеріалі спортивних ресурсів ЗМІ, а також визначити особливості її функціонування. Методи. За допомогою лінгвокогнітивного та кількісного аналізів репрезентативної вибірки китайськомовних текстів спортивного дискурсу, домінантним концептом яких був СПОРТ, була визначена наступна система метафоричних моделей: СПОРТ – ВІЙНА, СПОРТ – ТЕАТР, СПОРТ – СІМ’Я, СПОРТ – ЖИТТЄВИЙ ШЛЯХ. Частка спортивної лексики, яка пов’язана з концептуальною метафоризацією загалом, складає 22.0%, в рамках яких найбільший відсоток (17.5%) припадає на метафоричну модель СПОРТ – ВІЙНА. Основним методом емпіричного дослідження метафоричної моделі СПОРТ – ВІЙНА було обрано метод метафоричного моделювання. Увагу акцентовано на визначенні основних моделей концептуальної спортивної метафори, які мають фреймово-слотову структуру, та виявлено мовні засоби їх відтворення. Результати. Вивчено структуро-семантичні властивості спортивної метафори, джерелом експансії якої є поняттєва сфера ВІЙНА. Здійснено структурний аналіз фреймів, в яких спортивні події та їх учасники представлено як воїнів на полі бою, що прагнуть перемоги, які є метафоричним переосмисленням безапеляційної жаги до перемоги. З’ясовано, що метафорична модель СПОРТ – ВІЙНА в китаємовному спортивному дискурсі представлена трьома основними фреймами: «Військові дії», «Результати війни», «Воїни». У межах кожного фрейму виділено основні слоти та описано їх лексичне наповнення. Визначено комунікативні функції метафоричної моделі СПОРТ – ВІЙНА в китаємовному спортивному дискурсі, а також з’ясовано причини її активізації. Висновки. Фреймово-слотова структура метафоричної моделі СПОРТ – ВІЙНА, представлена в китаємовному медійному дискурсі, відображає стійке бажання та волю до перемоги та абсолютне несприйняття поразки, і свідчить про активізацію використання досліджуваної метафоричної моделі в період зростання глобальної гегемонії Китаю. З’ясовано, що в об’єктивації концептів поняттєвої сфери СПОРТ для відображення перемоги китайських гравців переважають позитивно-оцінні метафори військових дій, її учасників та результатів протистояння, а негативно-оцінні метафори – при поразці супротивників. Не зважаючи на те, що спортивні змагання – це подія мирного характеру, однак такі екстралінгвістичні характеристики як боротьба на межі людської витривалості, емоційне протистояння, максимальна самовідданість заради перемоги – це причини того, що саме у військових термінах переважно окреслюються спортивні події. Відтак, феномен метафоричної концептуалізації ВІЙНИ у китайському спортивному дискурсі є беззаперечним і визначається паралінгвістичними особливостями військових дій та спортивних змагань, які, не зважаючи на візуальну відмінність, мають певну концептуальну схожість
Every year the number of users interested in non-financial reporting grows. Their aim is to assess company activity including not only their financial performance but also their contribution to social and economic development of society. However, non-financial reporting cannot provide full information to users in order to satisfy all their requirements. It is upon Integrated Reporting (IR), which refers to financial and non-financial indexes. In the article disclosure the analysis of financial and business performance technique for national entities (private as well as public sectors of economy) that would include using financial and non-financial indexes.To standardize financial and operating performance indexes, their possible comparison, macro and micro modeling, it is proposed to identify Index of performance, which is defined by the system of complex indexes: index (indicator) of reaching business entity economic indicators, index (indicator) for ecological efficiency, index (indicator) for social efficiency. It was grounded the necessity to calculate Quality coefficient assessment to avoid declarative achievement of ecological and social efficiency indexes, the quality of their performance.
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