Madduppa HH, Subhan B, Suparyani E, Siregar AM, Arafat D, Tarigan SA, Alimuddin, Khairudi D, Rahmawati F, Bramandito A. 2013. Dynamics of fish diversity across an environmental gradient in the Seribu Islands reefs off . The reefs of Seribu Islands have been affected by multitude of anthropogenic pressures. However, the biodiversity of reef fishes across the archipelago linked to environmental condition is poorly known. This study aimed to investigate the biodiversity and the trophic level of fish communities across the archipelago. The study on reef fish communities was conducted on 33 reef sites associated with islands or shoal randomly chosen from each zone along environmental gradients from the inshore water nearest of Jakarta Bay to the offshore water of the outer islands. The study sites represented each sub-districts within the archipelago, namely Pari, Tidung, Panggang, Kelapa, and Harapan. A total of 46,263 individual fishes were counted, belonging to 216 species and 29 families. The multivariate analysis of fish abundance using the Bray Curtis similarity index and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) clearly showed the clustering of sub-districts, near and far from Jakarta Bay. The results showed that the sub-districts can be clustered into three groups. Group one consists of one sub-district (Pari) located in the southern part of the Seribu Islands near Jakarta Bay. Group two consists of three subdistricts (Tidung, Panggang, Kelapa) located in mid of the archipelago. The third group consists of one sub-district (Harapan) located in the northern part of the Seribu Islands. Based on species richness and fish diversity indices, the sub-districts can be clustered into two groups (1 = Pari and Tidung, 2 = Panggang Kelapa, Harapan). However, levels of similarities among sub-districts varied. The fish community in sub-district of Pari was dominated by carnivorous, omnivorous and herbivorous fishes, while those in the rest of subdistricts were dominated by omnivorous and carnivorous fishes. The present study results showed that the biodiversity of reef fishes across the Seribu Islands seemed to be linked to the environmental conditions.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine has recently been developed as an alternative vaccine against virus infection.This study was the first step of DNA vaccine development to protect cyprinids including common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) and fancy koi (Cyprinus carpio) from KHV (koi herpesvirus) infection in Indonesia. One of KHV glycoproteingenes, i.e. glycoprotein (GP) was ligated with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) â-actin promoter to generatepAct/GP as a DNA vaccine. Fourty fish in body weight of 10-15 g/fish were individually injected by pAct/GP intomuscle in different dosage of 2.5 μg, 7.5 μg and 12.5 μg/100 μl phosphate buffer saline. Total RNA was extractedfrom the 12.5 μg of pAct/GP-injected fish muscle at 24, 48 and 67 hours post-injection to analyze GP expression byRT-PCR method. Potential of pAct/GP as DNA vaccine was examined by injecting KHV into the 30-days-vaccinatedfish. Both of possitive and negative control fish group were not vaccinated. Possitive control fish group wereinjected with KHV, but negative control fish group were not. KHV-challenged fish were reared for 1 month, and thedeath fish were calculated daily. Result of RT-PCR analysis showed that GP gene expression were detected at 3 dpost-injection. Expression of GP in the vaccinated fish groups helped to improve their survival rate after challengedby KHV. All of fish without DNA vaccination had dead 17 days after KHV injection. The results demonstrated thatpAct/GP had high potency to be used as a DNA vaccine against KHV infection in cyprinids.

The n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have important nutritional benefits in humans. Farmed fish could serve as promising sources of EPA/DHA, but they need these fatty acids or their precursors in their diets. Here we transferred masu salmon delta6-desaturase-like gene in zebrafish to increase its ability for synthesizing EPA and DHA. Expression of this gene in transgenic fish elevated their EPA content by 1.4-fold and DHA by 2.1-fold. On the other hand, the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content decreased, it being a substrate of delta6-desaturase, while the total lipid remained constant. This achievement demonstrates that fatty acid metabolic pathway in fish can be modified by the transgenic technique, and perhaps this could be applied to tailor farmed fish as even better sources of valuable human food.

The experimental diets containing five levels of creatine supplementation, namely control (N = 0 g/kg creatine), B1 (1.00 g/kg glycine), B2 (0.40 g/kg creatine), B3 (0.80 g/kg creatine) and B4 (1.20 g/kg creatine) were tested to red tilapia up to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were stressed by air exposure for challenge test against stress. The results described that creatine supplementation improved final body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention. Creatine supplementation decreased blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < .05), indicating more effective usage of non‐protein energy. Furthermore, creatine supplementation also increased plasma insulin levels and upregulated IGF‐1 and GLUT4 gene expressions in the liver significantly; it also improved robustness against stress, which was shown by higher superoxide dismutase, higher postchallenge survival and plasma cortisol, malondialdehyde and lower glucose levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation at a dose of 0.289–0.389 g/kg diet escalated fish growth and improved robustness against stress via improving the SOD activity in red tilapia.

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The pronghorn spiny lobster Panulirus penicillatus is a highly valuable species which is widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific and Eastern Pacific regions. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (566–571 bp) were determined to investigate the population genetic structure of this species in the Indian Ocean. In total, 236 adult individuals of Panulirus penicillatus were collected from five locations in the Indian Ocean region. Almost all individuals had a unique haplotype. Intrapopulation haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities were high for each locality, ranging from h = 0.9986–1.0000 and π = 0.031593–0.043441. We observed distinct genetic isolation of population located at the northwestern and southwestern edge of the species range. Gene flow was found within localities in the central and eastern region of the Indian Ocean, probably resulting from an extended planktonic larval stage and prevailing ocean currents.