Growth performance, robustness against stress, serum insulin, IGF‐1 and GLUT4 gene expression of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed diet containing graded levels of creatine

Abstract

The experimental diets containing five levels of creatine supplementation, namely control (N = 0 g/kg creatine), B1 (1.00 g/kg glycine), B2 (0.40 g/kg creatine), B3 (0.80 g/kg creatine) and B4 (1.20 g/kg creatine) were tested to red tilapia up to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were stressed by air exposure for challenge test against stress. The results described that creatine supplementation improved final body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention. Creatine supplementation decreased blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < .05), indicating more effective usage of non‐protein energy. Furthermore, creatine supplementation also increased plasma insulin levels and upregulated IGF‐1 and GLUT4 gene expressions in the liver significantly; it also improved robustness against stress, which was shown by higher superoxide dismutase, higher postchallenge survival and plasma cortisol, malondialdehyde and lower glucose levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation at a dose of 0.289–0.389 g/kg diet escalated fish growth and improved robustness against stress via improving the SOD activity in red tilapia.

Growth performance, fillet quality and immunity after challenge with streptococcus agalactiae of red tilapia ( oreochromis sp .) fed diet containing cysteamine and creatine

“…The oxidative protein deamination will accelerate the excretion rate of ammonia to the aquatic environment, which may accumulate within the system and harm the fish itself (Lazzari & Baldisserotto, 2008). Synergistic of cysteamine as an insulin stimulator through suppressing somatostatin production (Wardani et al, 2020a; Xiao & Lin, 2003) and creatine as an energy buffer ready to use (Borchel et al, 2014; Wardani et al, 2020b) in fish.…”

“…The lower liver glycogen (Table 2) and muscle glycogen values (Table 2) ( p < 0.05) in treatment C compared to controls, reinforced the increase in protein sparing effect so that oxidative deamination was reduced (Subramanian, 2013; Wardani et al, 2020a). Reduced oxidative deamination would cause a decrease in the value of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Andersen et al, 2016), free radicals (Lupatsch et al, 2010; Zupa et al, 2015), MDA (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2020; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b) and plasma cortisol (Schrama et al, 2018) as stress indicators. In this study, fish fed with treatment C showed lower MDA (Table 2), cortisol and glucose values ( p < 0.05), respectively, at 30.26%, 7.57% and 15.89% compared to controls.…”

“…agalactiae as immune modulator. As non‐specific immune responses, these can be through phagocytosis activity (Dawood et al, 2020), producing more super antioxidant (Table 6) to neutralize stress oxidative (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2019, 2020; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b) and improving lysozyme activity (Table 6) during challenge infectious.…”

“…Challenge in tilapia culture is how to increase the protein sparring effect action so that protein requirement can be reduced, and this is in line with the reduction in the incidence of oxidative deamination (Lupatsch et al, 2010). This phenomenon will increase protein retained (Schrama et al, 2018; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b) and improve the feed efficiency (Skov et al, 2017; Wardani et al, 2020a, 2020b), as well as reducing the ammonia excretion and heat production during the metabolic process (Andersen et al, 2016; Lazzari & Baldisserotto, 2008), and increasing immunity and fish health status. Moreover, intensive fish culture and toxin in the water (Abdel‐Daim et al, 2019, 2020) will increase death potency on the cultured fish.…”

“…In addition to metabolic processes and cultivation systems, age and method of storage (Fonseca et al, 2013; Goes et al, 2019; Morais et al, 2019) can affect the quality of tilapia fillet. The optimal dosage for cysteamine is reported as 0.59 g/kg of feed (Wardani et al, 2020a), while for creatine is 0.289–0.389 g/kg of feed (Wardani et al, 2020b) for tilapia. The right doses combination of cysteamine and creatine is thought to improve growth performance, fillet quality and immunity of tilapia.…”