This pilot study evaluated the potential effect of household environmental factors such as income, maternal characteristics, and indoor air pollution on children’s respiratory status in an Eastern Indonesian community. Household data were collected from cross-sectional (n = 461 participants) and preliminary childhood case-control surveys (pneumonia cases = 31 diagnosed within three months at a local health clinic; controls = 30). Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was measured in living rooms, kitchens, children’s bedrooms, and outside areas in close proximity once during the case-control household interviews (55 homes) and once per hour from 6 a.m. to midnight in 11 homes. The household survey showed that children were 1.98 times (p = 0.02) more likely to have coughing symptoms indicating respiratory infection, if mothers were not the primary caregivers. More children exhibited coughing if they were not exclusively breastfed (OR = 2.18; p = 0.06) or there was a possibility that their mothers were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy (OR = 2.05; p = 0.08). This study suggests that household incomes and mother’s education have an indirect effect on childhood pneumonia and respiratory illness. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 ranged from 0.5 to 35.7 µg/m3 and 7.7 to 575.7 µg/m3, respectively, based on grab samples. PM was significantly different between the case and control groups (p < 0.01). The study also suggests that ambient air may dilute indoor pollution, but also introduces pollution into the home from the community environment. Effective intervention programs need to be developed that consider multiple direct and indirect risk factors to protect children.

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AbstrakBerbagai studi dan pengamatan memperlihatkan kecenderungan penurunan pemberian ASI dan berganti dengan susu fomula menjadi kebiasaan umum di dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pola pemberian ASI pada periode 12 bulan umur bayi dan perbedaan pengaruh variabel determinan terhadap lama pemberian ASI secara penuh (ASI secara penuh) tanpa makanan lain. Penelitian observasional analitik yang dilaksanakan di dua wilayah kerja puskesmas Kecamatan Tallo Kota Makassar ini menggunakan rancangan studi potong lintang dengan jumlah sampel 300 responden. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan metode Cox Proportional Hazard. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi bayi untuk mendapatkan ASI secara penuh pada bulan pertama adalah sekitar 0,86, pada bulan ke 6 menurun sekitar 31%, dan pada periode 5,06 bulan menurun menjadi sekitar 50%. Ada perbedaan lama pemberian ASI secara penuh berdasarkan variabel keadaan fisik ibu, pengetahuan ibu, pendidikan, dan pekerjaan. Hasil analisis lanjut menunjukkan variabel yang berbeda secara nyata dalam hubungan dengan durasi pemberian ASI secara penuh adalah keadaan fisik ibu dan pengetahuan ibu.Kata kunci : ASI secara penuh, cox proportional hazard, pengetahuan, status fisik AbstractVarious studies and observations indicate declining trend of breastfeeding and replacing breast milk with formula is already a common thing in society. This study aimed to find out the pattern of breastfeeding in infants up to 12 months, and to know the difference effect of the determinant variables of full breastfeeding. This observational research with cross sectional study design that involved 300 respondents was conducted in the Tallo District of Makassar City. Data analysis was performed by univariate, bivariate with Kaplan Meier and multivariate with Cox Proportional Hazard. The results showed that proportion of infants get full breastfeeding in first month was 0.86, infants who still get full breastfeeding on the 6th month are 31%, and half of the number of infants are not get full breastfeeding after 5.06 months. There are differences in the duration of full breastfeeding on the mother's physical status, education, and occupation. The further analysis showed a markedly different variables in influencing the duration of full breastfeeding are mother's phisical status and knowledge.

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