The quality of institutions occupies a central place in the set of non-economic factors influencing macroeconomic dynamics and the development of financial markets. This quality is largely shaped by objective factors that accompany the historical process. Therefore, this study focuses on the driving forces of this process and how they affect the quality of institutions. It is shown that the main such force or source of institutional change is culture, interpreted in a broad sense, which includes not only that accumulated at different stages of the historical process relevant heritage, but also behavioral attitudes and value beliefs prevailing in society that affect decision-making. The thesis about the importance of culture as a source of formation of the quality of national institutions and a factor of sustainable economic dynamics is substantiated through the example of specific historical events. Underestimation of this conditionality often prioritizes economic policy goals of financial development without due consideration and assessment of institutional constraints. This factor in macroeconomic decision-making is mainly characteristic of emerging market economies. At the same time, the results of research in recent decades indicate that the impact of financial development on macroeconomic dynamics is positive and strong in conditions of high-quality institutions. This allows the article to assess the role of finance and the quality of institutions differently in the set of state economic policy priorities. As applied to individual countries with obvious deficiencies in the institutional environment, this study, referring to historical experience and modern empirical material, puts forward and substantiates the thesis that ensures a high quality of institutions is the most important priority of transforming financial development into a factor of positive and sustainable economic growth.
Introduction. Inconsistency of the governmental regulatory impact on the socio-economic processes is one of the destructive factors in the increasing asymmetry of regional development. The decisions taken in the sphere of financial market regulation have provoked large-scale structural and quantitative changes in the banking system. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the occurred transformation on regional development and to analyze the possibilities of reducing gaps in the volume of banking services provided in Russia’s regions as well as in the level of their socio-economic development. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Federal State Statistics Service. The results of the banking system transformation and the possible impact of the changes on regional development were assessed using the methods of scientific knowledge. When working with the empirical material, the methods of comparison, measurement and evaluation were used. Results. The authors have identified gaps in the level of socio-economic development of Russia’s regions. For a long time, a number of regions have demonstrated limited opportunities for self-development and to fulfil their potential. The acuteness of this problem can be smoothed out by the tools of bank regulation (e.g. lending). After the decrease in the number of regional banks, the banking services market has seen steady signs of oligopoly with a marked decline in price competition. Negative effects of this decline have been increasing at the regional level. Discussion and Conclusion. Regional socio-economic dynamics demonstrate high sensitivity to the reduction in the number of regional banks operating independently as well as to the decline in price competition in the banking services market. It is important that the regional component be taken into account in regulatory practices, including that applicable to the banking sector. Preservation of the regional segment of this system will help to solve a lot of problems at the local level and thus make a significant contribution to overcoming the gaps in the socio-economic development of the regions. The results of this study will be useful to managers of the Central Bank of Russia, as well as to regional and local authorities.
The article describes the general and special features of the economy of emerging market countries, shows the distinctive features of the Russian economy. The insufficient effectiveness of indirect instruments for regulating investment processes, including bank credit, is aggravated in the Russian Federation by the action of non-economic factors, state regulatory practices, unresolved structural and institutional problems. The authors assess the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the investment activity of organizations of the non-financial sector of the Russian economy, show the role of bank credit in its stimulation. Separately, the impact of the tightening of banking supervision, expressed in a large-scale exodus from the market of small and medium-sized banks, is analyzed, special attention is paid to gaps in the level of socio-economic development of regions and their investment opportunities. The directions of increasing the role of bank credit in the growth of real investments are determined, which largely go beyond the monetary sphere and determine the need to improve the entire system of state influence on economic processes.
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