There are two major competing groups in Islamic jurisprudence, the first is the value-laden scholars’ group who believe that religious authority comes from conservative and collective understanding and the second is the value-free scholars’ group who believe that religious authority comes from progressive and individual understanding. These two groups have contested over the highest authority between collective ijtihad and individual ijtihad in producing Fiqh products. This article aims to discuss a discourse on the contestation between value-laden and value-free. This research is conducted through qualitative method based on case studies. It is also focus on literature review of various primary and secondary sources. We identified and selected many relevant sources that linked very closely to both the substance of the topic as well as to the theories that we used to strengthen the research’s arguments, data analysis, and findings. However, Kuntowijoyo’s theory ‘Islam as Science’ is used as the main tool to construct a new and neutral authority. As a result, this research offers the middle way of Fiqh that can bridge the two major groups, as well as can be used as an alternative discourse to construct a new, moderate, and neutral meaning.
Feminism and religious authority are two conceptual frameworks that have been subjects of discussion in the field of Islamic education. Both concepts are an ongoing contestation due to difference of perspectives and practices within Muslim community. Feminism in one hand is a movement that advocates gender equity and criticizes the marginalization of women in society. It often questions the culture of patriarchy that limit women’s agency. On the other hand, religious authority is often described as male-dominated domain. This paper aims to elaborate how feminism challenges traditional and conservative religious authority and to what extent its implications towards Islamic education? These questions are answered through a library-based qualitative method. The finding shows that feminism challenges the dominance of male religious authority. Feminism emphasizes the need for Islamic educational institutions to implement egalitarian principles of Islam that place female and male equally and to promote women’s religious role, leadership and religious authority. This will contribute to rebuild a more egalitarian Islamic education that empower women and shape a more inclusive Muslim society.
The AKM assessment is a major issue undertaken by Education Minister Nadiem Makarim in addressing challenges that arise in national education. The main idea behind this development comes from the poor results of PISA 2018, which has made many experts concerned about the existing results. Therefore, in addressing this issue, Minister of Education Nadiem attempted to create an assessment similar to PISA, which is AKM. In practice, AKM has two branches that are tested with an additional one survey. The AKM assessment is none other than the assessment of literacy and numeracy, as well as a survey of character. In practice, these three tests are an effort to significantly map the abilities of students every year from individual to national level. So that the development of national education can be monitored regularly. One of the assessments that is raised is the assessment of literacy or assessment that emphasizes students' ability to critically analyze text structure. This assessment is tasked with documenting the literacy abilities of students nationally. But in practice, there are still various issues that have not been fully studied regarding the position of the literacy assessment as an agent of change. Therefore, in this research, the researcher tries to study and deconstruct the AKM literacy assessment, as an effort to improve the quality and performance of student independent learning.
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