The competitiveness of livestock business is one strategic issue to guarantee the empowerment and sustainability of small scale beef cattle business. The study conducted on the competitiveness of beef cattle business in Tegal regency aims at (1) identifying the competitiveness of beef cattle business in various agro-ecological zones and (2) analyzing factors influencing the business competitiveness. This study employs a survey method to 100 beef cattle farmers in Tegal Regency. The respondents are selected using a stratified random sampling technique based on the agro-ecological zones (highland, lowland, and coastal areas). The observed variables are business efficiency, farmers’ age, farmers’ education, farming experience, number of family members, and number of cattle. The data are processed using ANOVA and multiple linear regressions. The beef cattle business in Tegal Regency is quite competitive which is characterized with the business efficiency by 1.39. The beef cattle business at the highlands has a higher competitiveness than that at the other agro-ecological zones (P <0.01). The competitiveness of beef cattle business is influenced by the farmers’ age (P <0.05), as well as the farming experience and number of cattle (P <0.01). The development of beef cattle business scale accompanied by the development of livestock production technical ability should be made to strengthen the competitiveness of beef cattle business in Tegal regency.
Intellectual capital is the farmers’ intangible asset related to human, relational and structural capital. Human capital is in the form of knowledge and skills; relational capital is the ability to interact with markets, consumers, and others; while structural capital is the ability to develop innovations and to manage the household organizations. This research aims at identifying the farmers’ intellectual capital of Kebumen Ongole grade cattle related to the livestock productions and analyzing the factors strengthening the farmers’ intellectual capital. The survey was conducted on 147 farmers of Kebumen Ongole grade cattle through a multistage sampling method. The obtained data were then analyzed using the descriptive statistical and spearman ranking correlation test. The results showed that the farmers have already had adequate intellectual capital with the score of 116.92. The farmers’ ability related to information access and education are important factors to strengthen the farmers’ intellectual capital (P<0.01). The farmers’ ability to access information and education are considered essential in order to strengthen the farmers’ intellectual capital.
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