JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Wed, 27 May 2015 14:46:26 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions NOTES AND COMMENTS Ecology, Vol. 62, No. 5rence of certain plant species decreases herbivore pressure, and parallels the results of Futuyma and Wasserman (1980), who found that certain mixtures of plant species cause increased herbivore damage. Furthermore, the Machaeranthera IHesperotettix interaction illustrates how a consumer can have a major impact on food species that form an insignificant portion of its diet. The detection of herbivore impact on plant populations in natural communities can be difficult and complex even for herbivores that are strongly dependent on a particular plant species (Rausher and Feeny 1980). The extinction of a small "colonist" population of plants by "resident" herbivores, as in the present study, may be even more difficult to observe. This type of herbivore impact could be a pervasive, although not widely recognized, aspect of the dynamics and spatial distribution of plant populations. Acknowledgments:We thank the administrators of the Cibola National Forest for permission to work in the Sandia Mountains. We are grateful to W. Martin for plant identifications and to A. G. Salzman for field assistance and encouragement. P. M. Kareiva, F. J. Messina, A. G. Salzman, and J. N. Thompson provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Financial support was provided by a Cornell University Graduate Fellowship, by the Department of Entomology, Cornell University, and by National Science Foundation grant DEB 77-25120. Voucher specimens of H. viridis, labeled "lot 1104,'" are in the Cornell University Insect Collection; voucher specimens of G. sarothrae and M. canescens, M. A. Parker sheet numbers 1-10, are in the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University. Literature Cited Atsatt, P. R., and D. J. O'Dowd. 1976. Plant defense guilds. Science 193:24-29. Cantlon, J. E. 1969. The stability of natural populations and their sensitivity to technology. Pages 197-203 in G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith, editors. Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology Number 22. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA. Futuyma, D. J., and S. S. Wasserman. 1980. Resource concentration and herbivory in oak forests. Science 210:920-922. Community structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425. Harper, J. L. 1969. The role of predation in vegetational diversity. Pages 48-62 in G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith, editors. Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology Number 22. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA. Holloway, J. K....
A B S T R A C TThe green lipped mussel, Perna viridis, is an important aquaculture species throughout the Indo-Pacific region where production is often impacted by environmental degradation. To predict the impacts and mitigate against environmental problems due to various kinds of anthropogenic pollution, such as heavy metals and eutrophication, on P. viridis aquaculture a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was constructed. By integrating species-specific parameters and regional-specific environmental data the DEB model determined how the life history traits of P. viridis respond to changing environmental conditions. Using various levels of basal maintenance costs and food availability to elucidate the energetic costs due to environmental pollution, the DEB model predicted that a 20% increase in basal maintenance cost due to environmental pollution such as heavy metals will result in a subsequent decrease in both lifetime reproductive output and ultimate body size of P. viridis by~18% and~8%, respectively. Increasing food availability can, however, mitigate the energetic constraints due to increased basal maintenance cost. The time to reach commercial size, for example, will be longer by 13% and 3% under lower and higher food availability conditions, respectively when there is a 20% increase in maintenance cost due to environmentally induced stress, which would significantly increase the operational cost of an aquaculture facility. In light of the increased importance of P. viridis as an aquaculture species, the P. viridis DEB model can, therefore, be used to illustrate the effects of varying environmental conditions on P. viridis life history traits which are relevant to the success of aquaculture facilities, and contribute towards better management of this species.
In Zhang Hong Li v DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Ltd and Ors the Court of Appeal in Hong Kong referred to trustee's ‘residual obligation’ to act in respect of an underlying company in circumstances where no reasonable trustee would refrain from doing so. This has attracted some criticism. We suggest that such criticism is narrowly drawn; if one looks more widely one can find support for the notion of a residual obligation. We suggest it is in keeping with developments in New Zealand's Trustee Act 2019 and question the hitherto narrow approach to the irreducible core. The balance between shareholder and directors that might have been thought appropriate 40 years ago, when Bartlett was decided, might be less appropriate today; we refer to increased activism amongst institutional investors. We touch on the private equity model as well. We conclude that trustees should, absent some good reason, seek board representation.
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