Research on the use of thermal barrier coatings in internal combustion engine had contributed in achieving higher thermal efficiency, improved combustion and reduced emissions of the engine. Low thermal conductivity ceramics can be used to control the temperature distribution and heat flow in high temperature structural components due to its inherent thermal insulation properties. For this reason much has been and is being done on the study and development of ceramics for use in automotive engine components working under severe temperature conditions and heavy loads due to their inherent thermal and mechanical properties. The objective of the study is to review the contributions of structural ceramics in the development and improvement of some of the major automotive engine components working under severe conditions of temperature. It is expected that the study will serve as a useful guide for the selection of materials which can withstand severe conditions of temperature and heavy loads for a novel turbocharger and turbocharged engine applications.
In Malaysia, the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely used for domestic purposes. The delivery men who are in charge of delivering the LPG cylinders to the customers are exposed to the ergonomic risk factors associated with excessive force due to the heavy steel cylinders. There are devices used to assist the delivery task, however, the devices are not efficient to be used in non-elevated apartments. Due to this reason, this study aims to design an LPG cylinder trolley. Quality Function Deployment was integrated to design the LPG cylinder trolley, so that it can fulfill the delivery man's requirements, thus, an effective device to assist the delivery task is produced. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the integration of QFD is an effective solution in designing an effective LPG cylinder trolley.
Production of alternative diesel fuel has been increasing drastically in many Asian countries. Since the reduction of petroleum production by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the research on alternative fuel for diesel engine has gain interest. The target of this project is to substitute some percentage usage of conventional diesel fuel with waste substance without compromising on engine performance and exhaust emissions. This study has produced two type of alternative fuels. A test fuel consisting 30% of water into diesel fuel with the existence of additive or emulsifier (span 80) is called as DW Emul. Another test fuel which is named as DHW Emul produced by blending 30% of water into a mixture consisting of 20% of waste hydraulic oil and 80% of diesel fuel with the existence of span 80. The engine performance and exhaust emissions of DW Emul and DHW Emul are measured and has been compared with the conventional diesel fuel. A 600cc single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used. The experiment was conducted at 1500 rpm with variable engine loads. Results show that DHW Emul and DW Emul has higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). However, by considering the total use of diesel fuel contained in DW Emul, the quantity was lower at all loads. The same goes for DHW Emul at low load but deteriorate at high load which show slightly higher compared with of using 100% conventional diesel fuel. DHW Emul has suppressed CO emission that is usually high of using emulsion fuel to the level similar to conventional diesel fuel. NOx and Smoke emissions for DHW Emul are lower than conventional diesel. The use of DHW Emul can give significant reduction of NOx and Smoke emissions without deterioration of CO emission.
In Malaysia, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is filled in a heavy steel cylinder and it is widely used for cooking purpose. Due to its dimensions and mass, the delivery men exposed to ergonomics risk factors associated with excessive force that can lead to injury to the back and the shoulders. There are assistive devices can be used to aid the delivery men; however, those devices are not efficient to transport the LPG cylinder to non-elevator apartments. Based on this reason, this study develops a questionnaire to determine design requirements of the assistive device for LPG cylinder handling. Structured interview using questionnaire survey was conducted among 25 delivery men. Based on the questionnaire survey, 76% of the delivery men required an assistive device that is safe, motorized, and push oriented for LPG cylinder handling. This study concluded that the developed questionnaire is reliable to determine design requirements of the assistive device for LPG cylinder handling.
Total hip replacement (THR) is a flourishing orthopaedic surgery which generating billion of dollars of revenue. The cost associated with the fabrication of implants has been increasing year by year and this phenomenon has burdened the patient with extra charges. Consequently, this study will focus on designing an accurate implant via implementing the reverse engineering of three dimensional morphological study based on a particular population. By using the finite element analysis, this study will assist to predict the outcome and could become a useful tool for pre-clinical testing of newly designed implant. A prototype is then fabricated using 316L stainless steel by applying investment casting techniques which reduce manufacturing cost without jeopardizing implant quality. The finite element analysis showed the maximum von Mises stress was 66.88 MPa proximally with a safety factor of 2.39 against endosteal fracture, and micromotion was 4.73 μm which promotes osseointegration. This method offers a fabrication process of cementless femoral stems with lower cost, subsequently helping patients, particularly those from non developed countries.
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