In the current study, aerial parts (leaves, stem and shoots) of C. album were extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical and HPLC analysis. Agar well diffusion method was used for anti-bacterial activity against Gram-negative strains Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Burn was induced through flame heated metal rod on mice. C. album ointment (2% w/w), Vaseline (vehicle) and silver sulfadiazine (standard) were topically applied thrice daily for 15 days. Wound area was measured on day 0, 5, 10 and 15. On last day, the wound tissues were excised and subjected to histopathological, quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Phenols, alkaloids, phytosterols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides were detected in phytochemical analysis. HPLC chromatogram displayed peaks for rutin, quercetin, ascorbic acid, gallic acid and various other phyto-constituents. The extract exhibited zone of inhibition in millimeter (mm) against E.

Contexts: Sauromatum guttatum (Wall.) Schott (Araceae) has been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds.Objectives: This study evaluates the healing and tissue regeneration potential of S. guttatum extract in burn wounds.Materials and methods: S. guttatum extract was analysed using various chemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, the extract was tested against burn associated bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also calculated. Wound healing and tissue regeneration potential was assessed using a thermally induced burn BALBc mouse model. S. guttatum extract (2% w/w) prepared in petroleum jelly, vehicle and positive control [silver sulfadiazine (SD)] groups was applied three times a day. The treatment was continued for 15 d and wound closure was measured and photographed on day 5, 10 and 15. The burnt tissues excised from wounds were subjected to histological and comparative gene expression analysis.Results: The results of the chemical tests indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, phytosterols, tannins, and flavonoids, while TLC and HPLC analysis indicated the presence of various compounds. The extract showed excellent activity against the tested pathogens. The lowest MIC (125 µg/mL) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus. A considerable decrease in wound area (72%) was observed in extract-treated group. Histological examination of extract-treated group showed good signs of wound healing with complete re-epithelialization and better tissue regeneration. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed the up-regulation of wound healing related PDGF, EGF and FGF genes.Conclusions: S. guttatum extract may be used to isolate bioactive constituents for the treatment of burn wounds.

Objective: This research is to study the assessment of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Artemisia abrotanum L. that recently grown in Iraq. Methods:The essential oil of A. abrotanum was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. This essential oil was tested for antimicrobial activity of five different pathogenic microorganisms (Gram-positive [Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis] and Gram-negative [Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli] bacterial strains) and fungi: Candida albicans using diffusion well agar method. Furthermore, this essential oil was tested for cytotoxic activity using rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and the growth or inhibition of cancer cells was measured by MTT method. Results:The obtained results show that the antibacterial activity for A. abrotanum against S. aureus was at concentrations 40, 25, and15 µl with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 20 mm, while it showed antibacterial activity against E. coli for four different concentrations of 40, 25, 15, and10 μl with inhibition zone of 16, 12, 14, and 10 mm, respectively, and it showed antifungal activity against C. albicans at four concentrations 40, 25, 15, and10 μl with inhibition zone of 18, 24, 26, and 30 mm, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the extracted essential oil was showed that the three concentrations of the extract (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) were all lower significantly as compared to dimethyl sulfoxide group. A significant difference was seen for group 25 with both groups 50 and 100, but no significant difference was seen between the two later. Finally, the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of this plant could be due to its essential oil constituents: Borneol, cymene, camphor, terpineol, eucalyptol, and aromadendrene. Conclusion:The essential oil of A. abrotanum L. has a potent antimicrobial and anticancer effect against the tested microbial organisms and the cancer cells.

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) contributes to necroptosis. Our previous study showed that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of RIPK1 protects against ischemic stroke-induced astrocyte injury. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying RIPK1-mediated astrocyte injury in vitro and in vivo. Primary cultured astrocytes were transfected with lentiviruses and then subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). In a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), lentiviruses carrying shRNA targeting RIPK1 or shRNA targeting heat shock protein 70.1B (Hsp70.1B) were injected into the lateral ventricles 5 days before pMCAO was established. We showed that RIPK1 knockdown protected against OGD-induced astrocyte damage, blocked the OGD-mediated increase in lysosomal membrane permeability in astrocytes, and inhibited the pMCAO-induced increase in astrocyte lysosome numbers in the ischemic cerebral cortex; these results suggested that RIPK1 contributed to the lysosomal injury in ischemic astrocytes. We revealed that RIPK1 knockdown upregulated the protein levels of Hsp70.1B and increased the colocalization of Lamp1 and Hsp70.1B in ischemic astrocytes. Hsp70.1B knockdown exacerbated pMCAO-induced brain injury, decreased lysosomal membrane integrity and blocked the protective effects of the RIPK1-specific inhibitor necrostatin-1 on lysosomal membranes. On the other hand, RIPK1 knockdown further exacerbated the pMCAO- or OGD-induced decreases in the levels of Hsp90 and the binding of Hsp90 to heat shock transcription factor-1 (Hsf1) in the cytoplasm, and RIPK1 knockdown promoted the nuclear translocation of Hsf1 in ischemic astrocytes, resulting in increased Hsp70.1B mRNA expression. These results suggest that inhibition of RIPK1 protects ischemic astrocytes by stabilizing lysosomal membranes via the upregulation of lysosomal Hsp70.1B; the mechanism underlying these effects involves decreased Hsp90 protein levels, increased Hsf1 nuclear translocation and increased Hsp70.1B mRNA expression.