In order to calculate the propagation loss of electromagnetic waves produced by a transmitter, a variety of models based on empirical and deterministic formulas are used. In this study, one of the artificial neural networks models, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, which is quite effective for predicting the propagation is used and the results obtained by this algorithm are compared with the simulation results based on ITU-R 1546 and Epstein-Peterson models. In this paper, the propagation loss of FM radio station using artificial neural networks models is studied depending on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. For training the artificial neural network, as the input data; range ( ) r , effective antenna height ( ) h and terrain irregularity ( ) ∆H parameters are involved and measured values are treated as the output data. The good results obtained in the city area reveal that the artificial neural network is a very efficient method to compute models which integrate theoretical and experimental data. Meanwhile, the results show that an ANN model performs very well compared with theoretical and empiric propagation models with regard to prediction accuracy, complexity, and prediction time. By comparing the results, the RMSE for Neural Network Model using Levenberg-Marquardt is 9.57, and it is lower than that of classical propagation model using Epstein-Peterson for which RMSE is 10.26.

No abstract

Selecting the future site for a large Turkish radio telescope is a key issue. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is now in the stage of construction at a site near Karaman City, in Turkey. A single-dish parabolic radio antenna of 30-40 m will be installed near a building that will contain offices, laboratories, and living accommodations. After a systematic survey of atmospheric, meteorological, and radio frequency interference (RFI) analyses,

No abstract

Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with panel corrected standard errors for OECD panel data this chapter, in contrast to Compensation hypothesis, finds a negative relationship between openness and the rate of public sector growth. In addition, this inverse relationship is found to be the strongest when electoral systems are more competitive. The empirical results presented here also suggests that openness constrains government growth more when the governments are run by either left-leaning parties or by left-leaning coalitions. This result holds for most measures of government spending and is robust to the inclusion of a wide range of controls. Unlike the existing empirical literature, which focuses on the ‘compensation effect' of openness on government growth, this study supports the ‘competition effect' of openness drawn from the literature on local public finance.

İnsanı ve toplumu rızalık kavramı temelinde eğitmenin programı olan Dört Kapı, makam adı verilen bazı ara basamaklara sahiptir. İnsanın gelişimini aşama aşama tamamlamasını sağlayan bu programın Alevilikteki ara basamakları, çalışmanın temel problemidir. Çalışmada araştırılan başlıca sorular şunlardır: Dört Kapı programı içindeki makamlar kaç tanedir ve nelerdir? Farklı kaynaklarda ve farklı yol uluları tarafından bu makamlar nasıl ve ne şekilde belirlenmiştir? Makamların benzer ve farklı yönleri nelerdir? Kaynaklarda yer verilen farklı makamlardan kapsayıcı bir inşaya gidilebilir mi? Makalede kullanılan kaynaklar Aleviliğin yazılı kaynakları ile iç metinleridir. Bu kaynaklara bakılarak Dört Kapı programının makamları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda Dört Kapı içinde yer alan makamlar arasında bazı farklılıklar olmakla birlikte, benzerliklerin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu farklılıkların bir kısmının eserlerin çoğaltılması sırasında çoğaltan kişilerden, bir kısmının ise yol ulularının görüşlerinden kaynaklandığı tahmin edilmektedir.

No abstract

No abstract