This 18-item scale was valid and reliable and can be used for diabetic women to evaluate their exercise social support. The results showed that consideration of emotional support is the most important point in promotion of exercise among diabetic women in Iran.
Purpose: The exercise self-efficacy scale (ESES) is largely used among diabetic patients to enhance exercise behaviour. However, the Iranian version of ESES was not available. The aim of this study was to validate ESES in this country. Method: Data were collected from 348 women who referred to a diabetes institute in Iran through convenience sampling procedure. In this cross-sectional study, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine construct validity of scale. Results: Through exploratory factor analysis, 18 items of the scale converged to three factors with rotation. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis through which modified model of self-efficacy scale with 17 items was supported and cross validated. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole scale was obtained as .92, which indicates the reliability of the scale. Conclusion: In general the findings suggest that the ESES with some minor changes is a reliable and valid measure of exercise self-efficacy among the Iranian diabetic population. However, further studies are needed to establish stronger psychometric properties for this scale.
Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world. In the Islamic Republic (IR) of Iran, about 30 to 50 percent of women and children have IDA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of applying the PRECEDE educational model as a framework for controlling IDA among children aged one to five years old. One hundred and sixty children, aged one to five years, who were diagnosed as belonging to one of the unhealthy three stages of IDA, along with their mothers, participated in the study. The study subjects were divided randomly into four groups: I) Traditional educational, II) Iron supplementation, III) PRECEDE Model, and, IV)a control group who received the usual health center care. Data collection included use of questionnaires, observation (physical examination) and interviews, and pre-and post-tests (the former was conducted four months prior to the intervention). The research results demonstrated that mean scores of the knowledge and attitudes of mothers about controlling IDA were increased significantly in Group I and Group III, but, the changes in Group III were greater than in the other groups. A comparison of IDA stages in the three groups indicated that the rate of recovery was significantly different (p<0.0001). Group differences were: Group 1 40.5%, Group II 50%, and Group III 82.5%; Group III had the highest changes. Therefore, the PRECEDE Model education program was more effective in modifying nutritional behaviors of mothers in order to control the IDA of their children.
Introduction:Anger can be defined a natural emotional response that is gradually formed to protect us in dealing with threats, damages, assaults, and failures; while hatred is a change of attitude which is built following the persistence of anger towards a subject or an individual. One of the main reasons of adolescents’ reference to the counseling centers is their anger accompanied by violence.Objective:This study aims to determine the social cognitive factors associated with anger among a population of adolescents in the west of Iran based on the social cognitive theory.Methodology:Samples were selected based on multi-stage cluster sampling. Method including the first and the second-grade male high school students from Ilam town (N=360). The Spielberger’s anger questionnaire (STAXI 2) and a self-designed questionnaire based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory were employed as the data collection instruments in the present study.Results:Of the selected population, 200 students were the first-grade and 160 students were the second-grade students. 135 students were the first child of the family, 150 students were the second or the third birth, and 75 students were the fifth or above in their families. Descriptive tests and correlation analysis were used to conduct the statistical analysis. Although there was a significant and inverse relationship between all the components of the theory and anger, the strongest relationship was seen in self-efficacy (-0.585) and the weakest relationship was seen in modeling (-0.297).Discussion and Conclusion:If was concluded that helping people to know their abilities and have a better personal judgment in this case, can influence their anger control. In addition, the process of stress management can effectively increase an individual’s emotional coping.
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