Growth and yield of wheat are affected by environmental conditions and can be regulated by sowing time and seeding rate. In this study, three sowing times [winter sowing (first week of September), freezing sowing (last week of October) and spring sowing (last week of April)] at seven seeding rates (325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575 and 625 seeds m )2 ) were investigated during the 2002-03 and 2003-04 seasons, in Erzurum (Turkey) dryland conditions, using Kirik facultative wheat. A split-plot design was used, with sowing times as main plots and seeding rates randomized as subplots. There was a significant year · sowing time interaction for grain yield and kernels per spike. Winter-sown wheat produced a significantly higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, spikes per square metre, kernel weight and grain yield than freezing-and spring-sown wheat. The optimum time of sowing was winter for the facultative cv. Kirik. Grain yields at freezing and spring sowing were low, which was largely the result of hastened crop development and high temperatures during and after anthesis. Increasing seeding rate up to 525 seeds m )2 increased the spikes per square metre at harvest, resulting in increased grain yield. Seeding rate, however, was not as important as sowing time in maximizing grain yield. Changes in spikes per square metre were the major contributors to the grain-yield differences observed among sowing times and seeding rates. Yield increases from higher seeding rates were greater at freezing and spring sowing. We recommended that a seeding rate of 525 seeds m )2 be chosen for winter sowing, and 575 seeds m )2 for freezing and spring sowing.
A field experiment was carried out in Erzurum (Turkey) on winter wheat to analyse the effect of water stress at different growth stages – fully irrigated (FI), rainfed (R), early water stress (EWS), late water stress (LWS) and continuous water stress (CWS), on some quality characteristics – in the 1995–96 and 1996–97 cropping seasons. Water stress had a substantial effect on most of the quality characteristics. As averages of cropping seasons, CWS, EWS, R and LWS treatments decreased grain yields by 65.5, 40.6, 30.5 and 24.0 %, respectively, compared with the FI treatment. CWS increased grain protein content by 18.1 %, sedimentation volume by 16.5 %, wet gluten content by 21.9 % and decreased 1000‐kernel weight by 7.5 g compared with FI treatment. LWS caused an increase of 8.3 % in grain protein content, 8.7 % in sedimentation volume, 10.8 % in wet gluten content and a reduction of 3.8 g in 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. EWS and R increased sedimentation volume and wet gluten content, but decreased 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. The effect of LWS on grain quality was more significant than that of EWS. The results suggest that soil moisture conditions increase grain yield and kernel weight of winter wheat but decrease its quality.
The growth and yield response of spring wheat to inoculation with foreign and local rhizobacteria of Erzurum (Turkey) origin was studied. At the first stage of the research, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with wheat cv. Kirik using 75 local bacterial strains isolated from the soil with 6 foreign bacteria, and a control. According to results of the greenhouse experiment 9 local strains were identified. At the second stage, the response of wheat cv. Kirik to 20 treatments (9 local strains, 6 foreign bacteria, 4 levels of N, and a control) was investigated in Erzurum field conditions. Seventeen strains had significant positive effects on tiller number per plant, 47 strains on plant height, one strain on dry matter yield, and 28 strains on plant protein content in the greenhouse experiment. Inoculation with certain rhizobacteria clearly benefited growth and increased the grain and N-yield of field grown wheat. The effects of local strains were observed to be in general superior to those of foreign strains. Inoculation with the local Strain No. 19, 73, and 82 increased total biomass by 18.7, 18.1, and 19.9%; grain yield by 18.6, 17.7, and 18.0%; total N-yield by 27.5, 24.3 and 26.0%, respectively, as compared to control. In conclusion, Strain No. 19, 73, and 82 can be a suitable biofertilizer for spring wheat cultivation in areas with similar conditions as in Erzurum. Inoculation with these strains may lead both to increases in wheat yield and savings of nitrogen fertilizer.
SummaryThe yield response of a wheat (Kirik) and a barley (Tokak 157/37) cultivar to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and Bacillus sp. OSU-142 was studied in relation to three levels of N fertilization (0, 40, and 80 kg ha ±1 ) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1999 and 2000. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 significantly affected yield and yield components, both in wheat and barley. On average of years and N doses, inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 increased spike number per m 2 , grain number per spike, grain yield, and crude protein content by 7.2, 5.9, 14.7, and 4.1 % in wheat and by 6.6, 8.1, 17.5, and 5.1 % in barley, respectively, as compared to control. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU-142 significantly increased kernel number per spike in wheat, but no significant effect was determined in the other characteristics. Grain yields and yield components were also higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, these increases diminished at high fertilizer levels. These results suggest that application of the growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense Sp246 may have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer for spring wheat and barley cultivation in organic and low-N input agriculture.
RESUMO-O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características produtivas de forrageiras anuais de inverno (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale e Triticosecale Wittmack) em quatro épocas de semeadura (11/3; 08/4; 06/5 e 03/6 de 2009). Foram avaliados o número de dias para o primeiro corte, o número de cortes, dias de utilização da pastagem, a densidade de plantas e perfilhos, a produção total, a matéria seca residual e a produção por corte. Houve interação significativa entre forrageiras e épocas de semeadura para todas as variáveis analisadas, o que possibilita alterar o planejamento forrageiro combinando cada forrageira dentro da melhor época de semeadura, direcionando a produção de forragem com o objetivo de suprir os vazios forrageiros. Uma das opções é a semeadura de aveia preta no início de março suprindo mais convenientemente as forragens no outono aos animais, em relação à sua semeadura em abril, mesmo que esta apresentasse uma produção total de forragem maior. Porém, se a maior necessidade de forragem é na primavera, a melhor combinação seria azevém semeado em junho. As aveias brancas, os azevéns, e a aveia preta IAPAR 61, são materiais com alta capacidade de produção e distribuição de forragem, especialmente se semeadas até início de maio. Palavras-chave: Aveia. Plantas forrageiras. Semeadura. ABSTRACT-This study was carried out in order to evaluate the productive characteristics of annual winter forages (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale and Triticosecale Wittmack), on four sowing dates (11 March, 8 April, 6 May and 3 June 2009). The work evaluated the number of days to first harvest, the number of harvests, days of pasture usage, plant and tiller density, total production, residual dry matter and production per harvest. There was significant interaction between forages and sowing dates for all the variables analysed, which makes possible altering forage planning, combining each forage type with its best sowing date and directing forage production in order to fill any gaps. One option is the sowing of oats at the beginning of March, more conveniently supplying fodder to animals in the autumn relative to its being sown in April, even though this represents greater total forage production. However, if the greatest need for forage is in the spring, the best combination would be ryegrass sown in June. White oats, ryegrass, and oats IAPAR 61, are materials which have a high capacity for fodder production and distribution, especially when sown by the beginning of May.
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