Quality Response of Facultative Wheat to Winter Sowing, Freezing Sowing and Spring Sowing at Different Seeding Rates

Abstract

RESUMO-O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características produtivas de forrageiras anuais de inverno (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale e Triticosecale Wittmack) em quatro épocas de semeadura (11/3; 08/4; 06/5 e 03/6 de 2009). Foram avaliados o número de dias para o primeiro corte, o número de cortes, dias de utilização da pastagem, a densidade de plantas e perfilhos, a produção total, a matéria seca residual e a produção por corte. Houve interação significativa entre forrageiras e épocas de semeadura para todas as variáveis analisadas, o que possibilita alterar o planejamento forrageiro combinando cada forrageira dentro da melhor época de semeadura, direcionando a produção de forragem com o objetivo de suprir os vazios forrageiros. Uma das opções é a semeadura de aveia preta no início de março suprindo mais convenientemente as forragens no outono aos animais, em relação à sua semeadura em abril, mesmo que esta apresentasse uma produção total de forragem maior. Porém, se a maior necessidade de forragem é na primavera, a melhor combinação seria azevém semeado em junho. As aveias brancas, os azevéns, e a aveia preta IAPAR 61, são materiais com alta capacidade de produção e distribuição de forragem, especialmente se semeadas até início de maio. Palavras-chave: Aveia. Plantas forrageiras. Semeadura. ABSTRACT-This study was carried out in order to evaluate the productive characteristics of annual winter forages (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale and Triticosecale Wittmack), on four sowing dates (11 March, 8 April, 6 May and 3 June 2009). The work evaluated the number of days to first harvest, the number of harvests, days of pasture usage, plant and tiller density, total production, residual dry matter and production per harvest. There was significant interaction between forages and sowing dates for all the variables analysed, which makes possible altering forage planning, combining each forage type with its best sowing date and directing forage production in order to fill any gaps. One option is the sowing of oats at the beginning of March, more conveniently supplying fodder to animals in the autumn relative to its being sown in April, even though this represents greater total forage production. However, if the greatest need for forage is in the spring, the best combination would be ryegrass sown in June. White oats, ryegrass, and oats IAPAR 61, are materials which have a high capacity for fodder production and distribution, especially when sown by the beginning of May.

Effect of seeding rate on grain quality of winter wheat

“…Overall, genotype was the most important factor in determining grain quality and milling and baking performance. According to Caglar et al (2011) seeding rates had significant impacts on yield and quality parameters of wheat. They found out that seeding rate of 325 seeds m -2 was suitable for flour yield, but 526-625 seeds m -2 like dense seeding rates had better effects over other parameters (sedimentation volume, wet gluten content, dry gluten content, and flour ash content).…”

“…The optimal seeding rates vary from year to year and depending on growing seasons (Caglar et al, 2011) and grain-filling periods. Seeding rates in wheat can vary widely due to differences in seed quality, planting conditions, planting dates, and planting equipment or system being used.…”

“…Therefore, their total technological requirements, planting density being one of them, are diverse, due to which they need to be continuously examined for determining their requirements in specific conditions (Bokan and Malesevic, 2004;Caglar et al, 2011).…”

Development, growth, and nitrogen use of autumn- and spring-sown facultative wheat

“…Furthermore, sowing date is affecting yield quality (Caglar et al 2011). Experiments with sowing dates in two contrasting seasons (autumn versus spring) have been performed for various crops including chickpea (Singh et al 1997;Iliadis 2001;Özdemir & Karadavut 2003), durum wheat (Bassu et al 2010), faba bean (Confalone et al 2010), pea (Silim et al 1985;Vocanson & Jeuffroy 2008), potato (Fahem & Haverkort 1988), sugar beet (Rinaldi & Vonella 2006), and wheat (Ozturk et al 2006;Caglar et al 2011). Generally, higher yields were reported by these authors for autumn-sown crops (except for potato cultivated in Tunisia where spring-sowing resulted in higher yields [Fahem & Haverkort 1988]).…”

Quality Characteristics of Wholemeal Flour and Bread from Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L subsp. durum Desf.) after Field Treatment with Plant Water Extracts

“…This last metric is unusual in Sicilian durum wheat, which mostly shows values from 550 to 750 s due to the frequent drought conditions that occur during grain ripening (Rizzo and others ). According to the literature, an FN > 300 indicates low α‐amylase activity, whereas values of approximately 200 to 250 are indicative of normal enzyme activity (Caglar and others ; Bulut and others ). Although variations in FN values were found as a consequence of some aspects of crop management such as fertilizer type, weeding management (Bulut and others ) or seeding rates (Caglar and others ), no difference was found in relation to the application of different herbicides (Manthey and others ).…”