Psychiatric symptoms such as mania, hallucinations, and depression in MS patients were first described by Charcot et al. (4). Compared to the normal population, depression, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, bipolar disorder, and psychosis are more common in MS patients (5). Studies have reported that 95% of the MS population are associated with psychiatric comorbidities throughout life. The most common psychiatric comorbidities are depression and anxiety disorder.It has been reported that the lifetime prevalence of depression in MS patients varies between 19% and 54%, and in crosssectional studies, the point prevalence of clinically important

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is one of the most common and burdensome sleep disorders in the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To evaluate common MS-related symptoms and consequences between groups with and without RLS and further assess the association of quality of life determinants with RLS symptom severity. Methods: According to their RLS status, 46 relapsing-remitting MS patients were divided into MS-RLS+ (n=19) and MS-RLS- groups (n=27). Specific questionnaires were administered to assess the patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), fatigue levels, sleep quality, daily sleepiness, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Functional capacity was examined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: The prevalence of RLS was 41.3%. Compared to the MS-RLS- group, those with RLS had higher EDSS scores, more cranial and spinal lesions, longer disease duration, and were older. In the MS-RLS+ group, symptom severity scores were positively correlated with higher anxiety and poorer sleep quality. The symptom severity score was negatively correlated with mental HRQoL and pain scores. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of the current study indicate the negative impact of RLS on functional capacity, anxiety, sleep quality, and mental HRQoL of MS patients. Further studies using more accurate diagnostic strategies for identifying RLS and other sleep disorders are necessary to clarify the association of MS with RLS and explore relevant clinical implications.

SummaryObjectives: Stroke is an important etiological factor in seizures and epilepsies of advanced age. In this study, it was planned to determine the location of lesions and EEG findings in 106 patients with post-stroke seizures, who were followed in the Neurology Department of Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, retrospectively. Methods: Archive files of 4221 patients diagnosed with epilepsy admitted to the Neurology Department of Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine were screened, and one hundred and six patients, with stroke as the etiology of epilepsy, were included into the study. Information on the demographical features of patients and past histories, stroke type, age at stroke, etiology of stroke, and stroke localization according to neuro-imaging, seizure on set date after stroke, seizure type, and anti-epileptic treatment were all recorded. Neuro-imaging findings were identified according to the arteries involved such as ACA (anterior cerebral artery), MCA (middle cerebral artery), PCA (posterior cerebral artery) and others. Moreover, EEG findings were classified as normal, slow wave activity and epileptiform activity. Data was compared statistically. Results: Sixty-three of 106 patients were male (59%) and 43 were female (41%). Fifty-eight patients (54.7%) had early-onset seizures (first 15 days after stroke), whereas 48 patients (45.3%) had late-onset seizures. Arterial stroke regions were categorized as MCA for 52 patients (49.1%), PCA for 28 patients (26.4%), ACA for 14 patients (13.2%) and others for 12 patients (11.3%). EEG findings were recorded as normal for 13 patients (12.3%). EEG features were corresponding to location of lesions on neuro-imaging in 54 patients (51%), not corresponding in 39 patients (36.7%). Concordance of EEG findings was especially significant in strokes of the MCA region (p<0.05). Conclusion: EEG findings after infarctions were usually recorded as slow wave activity corresponding to the location of the lesion, and sometimes epileptiform activities can accompany. In cases with stroke, EEG has a limited place; however, if evaluated with clinical findings and neuro-imaging data, EEG is important as a supporting diagnostic test.Key words: EEG; epilepsy; stroke; seizure. ÖzetAmaç: İleri yaşlarda görülen nöbet ve epilepsinin etiyolojisinde inme önemli bir yer kaplamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi (UÜTF) Nöroloji Anabilim Dalı (AD) Epilepsi Polikliniği'nde nöbet-epilepsi etiyolojisinde inme olan hastalar geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilerek lezyon lokalizasyonu ve elektroensefalografi (EEG) bulguları ile ilgili verilerin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji AD Epilepsi Polikliniği'nde takip edilen 4221 epilepsi hastasından nöbet etiyolojisinde inme olan 106 hastanın geriye dönük olarak demografik ve özgeçmiş özellikleri, inme tipi, inme geçirme yaşı, inme etiyolojisi, nörogö-rüntüleme bulgularına göre lezyonun yeri, inme sonrası nöbetin ortaya çıkma zamanı, nöbet tipi ve kullanılmakta olan antiepile...

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Multipl skleroz (MS) hastalarında demografik, klinik ve polisomnografik verilerle yorgunluk ve uyku bozukluklarını araştırmak ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkilerini göstermektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya polisomnografi (PSG), Yorgunluk Şiddeti ölçeği, Epworth Uykululuk ölçeği (EUÖ), Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi indeksi, Beck Depresyon ve Anksiyete envanteri ile değerlendirilen 30 MS hastası alındı. İnterferon kullanan (n=16) ve kullanmayan (n=14) hastalar, tüm parametrelerde birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldı; EUÖ ve PSG verileri 19 sağlıklı kişiden oluşan bir kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldı. Kısa form-36 (SF-36) verileri ise toplum normlarıyla karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların %86,7'sinde santral yorgunluk olduğu görüldü. PSG'de, interferon kullanmayanların evre N2 uyku süresi, kullananlara göre anlamlı olarak daha uzun kaydedildi (p<0,001). PSG'ye göre, toplam uyku süresi, uyku etkinliği, evre N3 ve hızlı göz hareketi süresi, solunum bozukluğu indeksi ortalaması, uyku latansı ve toplam bacak hareketlerinin ortalama değeri, hasta grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı oranda yüksek bulundu (p<0,001). SF-36'nın tüm parametreleri hastalarda anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (p<0,001). Evre N3 uyku süresi uzunluğu, SF-36'nın fiziksel bileşen özeti ile ilişkili bulundu (p<0,001). Sonuç: MS hastalarında yüksek düzeyde yorgunluk, ek olarak nesnel ve öznel uyku parametrelerinde önemli ölçüde bozukluklar bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda bu hastaların yaşam kalitesindeki tüm bileşenlerin önemli ölçüde azaldığı ortaya konmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmamız derin uyku süresinin fiziksel aktivite ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiş, MS hastalarında uyku değerlendirmesinin önemini vurgulamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yorgunluk, uyku bozuklukları, multipl skleroz, polisomnografi Objective: To investigate fatigue and sleep disorders based on demographic, clinical and polysomnographic data and show their effects on the quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty MS patients were enrolled in the study depending on the results of the polysomnography (PSG), Fatigue Severity scale, Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Iindex, Beck Depression and Anxiety inventories. Patients, using (n=16) and non-using (n=14) interferon, were compared with each other in all parameters; ESS and PSG data were compared with a control group consisting of 19 healthy people. Short form-36 (SF-36) data were also compared with the society norms. Results: Central fatigue was observed in 86.7% of the patients. PSG data revealed that stage N2 sleep duration of those who did not use interferon was significantly longer than those who used it (p<0.001). According to the PSG, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, stage N3 and rapid eye movement time, mean respiratory disturbance index, sleep latency and the mean value of total leg movements were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.001). All parameters of SF-36 were significantly lower in patient group (p<0.001). The stage N3 sleep time length was foun...