Nurses exposure many risk factors in the hospital setting. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is a common health problem between work related disabilities and injuries in nurses. The aim of this review was to examine the prevalence of MSDs in nurses and also summarize risk factors, outcomes, solutions. An electronic search was conducted in Pub Med in January 2017. Publications in the last ten years were researched using the key words: "Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders" and "Nurses". The initial electronic search identified 111 papers. Some articles were excluded since they were not related to our study topic (7 articles were review, 15 of them were related to the roles of nurses in some musculoskeletal disorders, 14 articles were about nurses who working outside the hospital or new graduated/student, 28 articles addressed work related other health problems, 3 of them were related to hospital ergonomics and risk factors and 7 articles were interventions studies). Three papers were not reached to full text or abstract. The total number of remaining articles was 34 and all of them were included the study. It was considered that reported musculoskeletal disorders in nurses were limited to the past 12 months. It had been found that the prevalence of MSDs varied between 33.0% and 88.0%. The most commonly affected body regions were lower back, shoulder, neck, knees, wrists/hands. Lower back pain complaints were found to vary between 49.0% and 84.0%. The findings indicated that the work related musculoskeletal disorders associated with cumulative trauma and repetitive tasks included: lifting, transferring or repositioning, prolonged standing and also awkward postures (stooping, bending and reaching). These work-related health problems in nurses were significantly associated with age, gender, body mass index, ward, shift working and working in a hospital. Studies showed that musculoskeletal disorders were most seen among the operation room nurses and intensive care nurses. Also, MSDs were found to be the main causes of absenteeism, demanding a change of duty or job and visiting a physician. The MSDs was more prevalent occupational health problem among nurses. The prevalence of MSDs was associated with both demographic characteristics of nurses and hospitals' organizational factors. It was confirmed that making ergonomics interventions could improve the working environment in the hospital.

The cagE-positive and vacA s1a/m2 genotypes, which are correlated with increased antibiotic resistance, were predominant in our population. In countries where Hp infection is prevalent, studies focusing on virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility may provide anticipation of the prognosis and may be helpful to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been reported to be high among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) flow in the pathogenesis of PH and the prevalence of PH in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and to suggest other possible etiologic factors. Methods: The prevalence of PH was prospectively estimated by Doppler echocardiography in 116 ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis (HD). Laboratory and clinical variables were compared between patients with and without PH (groups 1 and 2, respectively). PH was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) over 30 mm Hg. Patients with PH underwent further evaluation by 2 pulmonologists. AVF flow was measured by Doppler ultrasonography. Blood tests including arterial blood gases, hemoglobin, serum calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone were determined. Results: PH was found in 25 (21.6%) patients (group 1) with an SPAP of 37.9 ± 2.8 mm Hg. Mean AVF flow was increased (1,554 ± 207.60 ml/min) in group 1. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly different between the 2 groups (55.3 ± 11.5 and 64.4 ± 40, respectively; p < 0.05). Neither significant primary lung disease nor parenchymal lesions were detected in group 1. PH showed a significant difference for cigarette smoking (p < 0.05). In group 1 the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher. The main etiology of CRF was diabetes mellitus with a ratio of 44% in group 1. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a surprisingly high prevalence of PH among patients receiving long-term HD. PH was related to high AVF flow, low LVEF and cigarette smoking. AVF flow and cigarette smoking are important correctable causes of PH. Early detection is important in order to avoid the serious consequences.

Objectives: Hemodynamic status, cardiac enzymes, and imaging-based risk stratification are frequently used to evaluate a pulmonary embolism (PE). This study investigated the prognostic role of a simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) score and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) model. Methods : The study included 50 patients from the emergency and pulmonology department of one medical center between October 2005 and June 2006. The ability of the sPESI and ESC model to predict short-term (in-hospital) and long-term (6-month and 6-year) overall mortality was assessed, in addition to the accurancy of the sPESI and ESC model in predicting short-term adverse events, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or major bleeding. Results : Of the 50 patients, the in-hospital and 6-year mortality rates were 14% and 46%, respectively. Fifteen (30%) of these experienced adverse events during hospitalization. Importantly, patients classified as low-risk according to the sPESI had no short-term adverse events as opposed to 4.8 % in the ESC low-risk group. They also had no in-hospital, 6-month, or 6-year mortality compared to 4.8%, %14.3, and %23.8, respectively, in the ESC low-risk group. Conclusions: The sPESI predicted short-term and long-term survival. The exclusion of short-term adverse events does not appear to require imaging and laboratory testing.

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